Author: harvardforest

Open House April 27: Celebrate Earth Day With Us!

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Harvard Forest welcomes you to an Open House on Saturday, April 27 from 1-4pm. Join us for lawn games, guided tours, art activities, and a tree planting in honor of Earth Day. This free event is open to all ages; RSVP is not required. Contact HF-edu@fas.harvard.edu with questions. 

See flyer below for more information. If you’d like directions to Harvard Forest, please click here. 

The Harvard Forest welcomes individuals with disabilities to participate in its programs and activities. Please contact us to discuss any needed visitor accommodations or assistance with trail accessibility, at hfvisit@fas.harvard.edu or 978-724-3302, preferably at least one week in advance of your visit.

New Interpretive Trail Honors Nipmuc Land Relationship

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The first new interpretive trail in almost a decade is now open to the public at Harvard Forest. The trail, called Manchage Manexit (place of marveling, place of departure), was created by Harvard students Tyler White (Graduate School of Design) and Kashish Bastola (Harvard College ’26), with research and advising by Nia Holley (Nipmuc). It occupies the same space as an interpretive trail installed in the late 1990s, which focused solely on the colonial history and values for the land.

The new work began in earnest with a winter internship in 2023, during which student-designers White and Bastola worked with Nipmuc community members to explore themes of Indigenous land kinship and recognition. Throughout 2023, White and Holley facilitated discussions by dozens of Nipmuc community members, conservation practitioners, and Harvard University students, while working through multiple iterations of the designs.

The final signs now installed along the 1/2-mile trail reflect Nipmuc language and ideas, symbols of eastern woodlands tribal knowledge systems, and questions that invite all visitors to reflect on the experiences of the land and of themselves, their intentions in visiting, and the ideas they will take back home.

A trail sign

Full text and images of the signs can be viewed here. The signs are meant to be explored as a “living document.” We welcome feedback and expect that the signs may change as time goes on.

The project was funded by a 2022 grant from the Harvard Culture Lab Innovation Fund, in a proposal led by Shersingh Joseph Tumber-Dávila (a post-doctoral fellow at the time, now faculty at Dartmouth College) and Clarisse Hart. The implementation of the work would not have been possible without additional support from the Harvard Forest Woods Crew, for which we are grateful.

Exploring the Relationship Between Field-Based Education and STEM Identity

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This Winter, Harvard Graduate School of Education student Cynthia Liu (‘24) has been working with Clarisse Hart, Katharine Hinkle, and collaborator Dr. Tara Goodhue to begin an evaluation of the STEM identity and environmental awareness of participants in our Schoolyard Ecology program. The goal is to provide an overall sense of how effective participation in our citizen science projects has been in shaping students’ understanding of their own agency to use science as a tool to steward their local environments.

The measure of success is not necessarily that all students want to be scientists for their career, but that they can see themselves on that path. This spring we will be selecting our measurement tool and partner schools. We will be conducting the study during the 2024-2025 school year.

LTER updates: Symposium highlights, student research awards, and a submitted research proposal

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On March 19, Harvard Forest hosted its annual research symposium, entitled Looking Forward with Long-Term Research: New Directions and Graduate Student Research in the Harvard Forest LTER. Hosting nearly 100 individuals in person and over 50 online, this year’s event included a variety of presentations that focused on upcoming research directions in Harvard Forest’s Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program. In addition to proposed work, several researchers shared preliminary results that show startling evidence of climate change. 

The event was also a celebration of Harvard Forest’s seventh submission for ongoing funding from the National Science Foundation’s LTER program, of which Harvard Forest has been a part since 1988. Led by Research Director Jonathan Thompson, the 6-year, $7.2 million grant request incorporated research proposals in a variety of forest ecology topic areas with 28 co-investigators from seven institutions. As one of NSF’s longest-running LTER sites, Harvard Forest’s temporally robust data collection allows unique perspective on pressing research questions related to forest responses to climate change. 

Numerous graduate students conduct research with data collected through Harvard Forest’s LTER program, where research questions include topics ranging from trees’ methane outputs to STEM identity in K-12 Schoolyard Ecology participants. Regardless of previous affiliation with the LTER program, students who use Harvard Forest LTER data may be eligible to apply for LTER Student Research Funding. Undergraduates or graduates should apply by May 1, 2024, for consideration.

Several of the research talks were recorded; you can watch the recording here and refer to the symposium schedule to help navigate. 

Above: Graduate students pose for a photograph at Harvard Forest’s 2024 research symposium. By Ben Goulet-Scott. 

Research Spotlight: The Interactive Effects Between Forest Fragmentation and Climate Change

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As researchers and policymakers consider climate change mitigation strategies worldwide, it has become increasingly important to understand the nuances of forest carbon sequestration. A new study at Harvard Forest will examine the interactive effects of forest fragmentation and climate on carbon sequestration, including how these interactions shift the balance of carbon across human-dominated landscapes.

Andrew Reinmann has been studying forest “edge effects,” or the influence of land adjacent to forests, for over 8 years, and much of this has been at Harvard Forest. Recently awarded a $1 million, five-year National Science Foundation CAREER Grant for this research, Reinmann has begun working with Harvard Forest researchers and facilities (“Woods Crew”) members to integrate a new experiment that manipulates precipitation regimes through an exclosure that blocks precipitation from roughly an acre of forest.

Through previous research, Reinmann has determined that while trees along the forest edge grow faster than those in the interior, they remain “more negatively impacted by extreme weather like high temperatures and drought.” By integrating this new experimental data with long-term data and existing measurements at Harvard Forest, Reinmann’s research will help answer questions about why climate stressors influence trees differently depending on their neighbors.

Two people on the edge of the forest looking at a set of plans on the ground

A visiting researcher whose home institutions are The Advanced Science Research Center and Hunter College, both at The City University of New York, Reinmann works closely with students who have limited opportunities for experiential education in ecology. In addition to bringing his students to Harvard Forest each year, Reinmann will incorporate the contributions of summer interns and PhD students into his research. A smaller, analogous experiment in New York City will allow students to draw parallels when collecting data at Harvard Forest.

A structure of lumber grids extends from the edge of the forest to between the trees

Bringing Research Plans to Life

Reinmann began conducting research at Harvard Forest nearly 15 years ago and has continued collaborations with researchers to collect data here. The high level of expertise held by the Harvard Forest Woods Crew was integral to Reinmann’s decision to choose Harvard Forest as his host site. “It is one thing to have an idea for a research project and a completely different thing to bring it to fruition,” says Reinmann.

A lumber frame surrounds a tree trunk

While researchers design large-scale projects at Harvard Forest multiple times per year, infrastructural investments of this magnitude are only undertaken every 10-20 years at the Forest, and the design of this experiment was unprecedented. “We proposed really ambitious infrastructure and were only able to provide rough specs and a few photo examples of much smaller drought experiments,” says Reinmann, “and with just that, the Harvard Forest Woods Crew was able to bring this experiment to life.”

Men constructing a lumber structure in the forest

Harvard Forest’s facilities team committed over 1,000 hours to the design & construction of the rain exclosure, which Woods Crew Manager Lucas Griffith describes as “a giant pergola in the middle of the woods.” In close collaboration with Reinmann, Griffith worked with fellow Woods Crew member Roland Meunier to design plans that would fulfill the project’s research goals. It required significant creative problem-solving, and as Griffith states, “it’s a lot of work up front but we become invested in how the project comes to life later on.” The majority of the construction was completed last fall by Woods Crew members Elijah Hill and Sam Robinson, with the final touches being completed by Kaden Quigley and Josh Johnson.

“The high level of skill that exists in the Woods Crew and their flexibility and willingness to accommodate our needs are what made this experiment possible,” says Reinmann, “I am so grateful to have them on our team.”

By Emily Johnson

Photographs, from the top:

  1. The structure of the rain exclosure near its completion. By Ben Goulet-Scott/Let’s Botanize.
  2. Andrew Reinmann, right, discusses field data with student JP Hellenbrand. By Clare Kohler.
  3. The structure of the rain exclosure near its completion. By Ben Goulet-Scott/Let’s Botanize.
  4. Woods Crew members had to creatively solve numerous problems in order to fulfill Reinmann’s proposed research, such as this open frame around a tree trunk. By Lucas Griffith.
  5. Shown constructing the exclosure in the woods, Elijah Hill, left, and Kaden Quigley, right, were among the six Woods Crew members who collectively contributed over 1,000 hours to the project. By Lucas Griffith.

Register for the Harvard Forest Ecology Symposium on March 19!

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The annual Harvard Forest Ecology Symposium is coming up on Tuesday, March 19, from 9:00a.m. – 4:30p.m. ET at the Fisher Museum, Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA (click here for directions).

This year, we will highlight new work and early-career researchers with the theme “Looking Forward with Long-Term Research: New Directions and Graduate Student Research in the Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER).” The morning session will focus on new work planned in the Harvard Forest LTER VII proposal and celebrate the Schoolyard Ecology Program’s 20th anniversary. The afternoon will feature research talks by graduate students involved in the Harvard Forest LTER and a poster session.

View the 2024 program here. 

Seats are limited, so if you’d like to attend in person, please RSVP here. You will need to log in first (creating an account takes about 1 minute).

While all speakers will be in person, attendees are welcome to join remotely by registering here.

Schoolyard Ecology Program Reaches 20 Year Milestone

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Through the support of the Long-Term Ecological Research Program and generous anonymous donors, 2024 marks the 20th year of the Schoolyard Ecology program at Harvard Forest. For two decades the ecologists at Harvard Forest (John O’Keefe, Dave Orwig, Emery Boose, and Betsy Colburn) have worked with Pamela Snow, and now Katharine Hinkle to train and support teachers and classrooms all over New England (and now Georgia!) in data collection and data visualization. Our citizen science projects put students in the driver’s seat by giving them authentic questions to answer and providing them with an opportunity to learn science by doing science. Our publicly accessible database of student collected observations now includes 54,082 entries representing the work of thousands of students getting outside and connecting with their local environment. 

Our long-term relationships with our teachers is the heart of our work, and it is through them that we have had our largest successes as they have innovated the curriculum and kept the projects going year in and year out. We currently have 88 active teachers in our program. 17% of them have been contributing data for 5 or more years. 14% of them have been contributing data for 10 years or more, and two of them have been with us for over 15 years. 

Bullard Spotlight: Dr. Ahmed Siddig Sets Up New LTER Site & Mentors Students in Conflict-Affected Sudan

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We are thrilled to host Dr. Ahmed Siddig as one of our Charles Bullard Fellows in Forest Research for the 2023-2024 year. Dr. Siddig, Associate Professor of Ecology and Environmental Conservation at the University of Khartoum, is interested in understanding global change ecology, development & running of ecological monitoring programs, and biodiversity conservation. As Bullard Fellow for 2023/2024, Dr. Siddig is focusing on three projects.

Dr. Siddig, 2nd from right, conducting fieldwork in Sudan

First, establishing a pilot for Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) plots and assessing forest tree diversity & conservation status in conflict-affected areas of Sudan. Forest resources in Sudan are interestingly diverse and significant to the livelihoods of millions of people there. However, these vital ecosystems suffer continuous decline and degradation due to human pressures and climate change as well as governance issues and lack of funds for protection. This project is implemented through ground data collection, remote sensing technology, and social survey methods. Overall, the findings are expected to not only improve our understanding about the diversity and conservation status of forest trees in dry land Sudan, but also highlight the drivers of forest degradation as related to the armed conflicts and unrest. Moreover, considerable capacity building for forest stakeholders (e.g., government, NGOs, academia) will be achieved through conducting a workshop about the value of monitoring ecological changes in dry lands and how LTER plots can be a key direction.

Second, Dr. Siddig is revisiting the salamander monitoring project that he worked on ten years ago at Harvard Forest to assess population changes in the declining hemlock forests of  New England. Salamanders are important creatures in the forested ecosystems and play a significant role in their food web. Therefore, detecting changes in salamander populations will not only reflect the health of these populations but will also have direct implications for a whole ecosystem trend and direction given that they are classified as indicator species. This project will be part of the Harvard Forest Summer Research Program in Ecology in which Dr. Siddig will mentor one of the participating students.

Third, with generous support from the Arab-German Young Academy (AGYA) of Science & Humanities, Dr. Siddig will also continue working on supporting young scientists of Sudan in response to the current crises in the country through his Academic Inspiration & Mentoring (AIM) project. During his time at Harvard Forest, AIM project will conduct several workshops covering topics such as surviving impacts of war on research careers, research planning in times of crises, and Scientists as Peacemakers.

Above, Dr. Siddig discusses plot layouts and work plans with his research team in Naura Reserved Forest, Sudan. Many thanks to Dr. Siddig for providing this succinct synoposis of his work, including photographs. 

Harvard Forest Researchers Contribute to Recent EEA “Forest as Climate Solutions” Report

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Last month, the Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy & Environmental Affairs released its Report of the Climate-Forestry Committee: Recommendations for Climate Oriented Forest Management Guidelines. This Forests as Climate Solutions report was authored by a committee of 12 experts having widely varying opinions on management; Harvard Forest authors include Forest Research Director Jonathan Thompson and Harvard Forest associates David Foster (Director Emeritus), Meghan Graham MacLean, and Anthony D’Amato.

The report will inform the development of climate-oriented management guidelines for state forest land and help achieve goals of the 2050 Clean Energy and Climate Plan. Importantly, the report’s release marked the end of the Healy-Driscoll administration’s six-month timber harvesting moratorium imposed on state lands.

Some of the report’s recommendations include:

  • Encourage state agencies to provide more specific rationale for forest management projects, including carbon and climate implications; 
  • Reduce MassWildlife’s habitat management goals for species dependent on young forests, shrublands, and grasslands to increase carbon storage and sequestration;
  • Enlarge state forest reserves; 
  • Increase permanent land conservation of unprotected forest lands; 
  • Apply updated Best Management Practices on actively managed forests;
  • Recognize the importance of natural disturbance (e.g., leaving dead trees on the ground for their biodiversity benefits);
  • Launch a publicly available dashboard in 2024 to monitor forest carbon metrics and trends, including where and how wood from Massachusetts forests is being used and the impact on carbon storage of use in long-lived wood products.

Winter Interns Gain Skills, Advance Harvard Forest Research Efforts

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This January, Harvard Forest hosted five winter interns to advance research questions in collaboration with Harvard Forest researchers studying a variety of topics. Despite the brief nature of this program — only 2.5 weeks — the Harvard University student interns produced a significant body of work that will continue informing the efforts of future interns and scientists alike. 

Cold but Not Asleep: Winter Field Science to Understand Mechanisms of Forest Methane Cycling

Hannah Burrows & Annabelle Rayson, Harvard College

Methane is an important greenhouse gas causing climate change. Measuring the background natural methane cycling in forests is critical for being able to understand the efficacy of global methane reduction efforts (e.g. reducing fossil fuel leakage). In forests, it has been a big puzzle about if/when/how methane might be produced by and/or transported through forest trees and ultimately into the atmosphere. Periodic measurements during the summer at Harvard Forest have shown that tree stems are sometimes sources of methane to the atmosphere, especially for wetland-adapted species when soils are flooded. However, the mechanisms of this methane release are not well understood, where methane could be produced by microbes within the tree stem microbiome or transported from water up the tree stem with xylem water flow.

Winter intern Annabelle Rayson measures methane emissions from trees in the Prospect Hill tract

During their internship, Hannah and Annabelle collected the first wintertime measurements of tree stem methane and carbon dioxide exchange in field conditions at Harvard Forest (Annabelle is pictured to the right). By collecting soil and stem flux of methane during conditions when deciduous trees are largely dormant — and providing analysis of their preliminary results — Annabelle and Hannah have collected critical data that will help to inform and potentially revise researchers’ future understanding of methane dynamics in temperate forests. 

Mentored by Dr. Jackie Matthes, Harvard Forest Senior Ecologist (Harvard College ’07); Naomi Hegwood, Harvard Forest Research Assistant (Harvard College ’23); and Jon Gewirtzman, PhD candidate at the Yale School of Environment

The Hemlock Removal Experiment: Do Deer and Moose Alter the Future of the Eastern Hemlock Forest? 

Katherinne Fox, Harvard College

Herbivory by deer and moose can dramatically alter forest plant community composition, especially in forests that are regenerating after canopy mortality. Throughout the northeastern US, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests are declining from an invasive insect, the hemlock woolly adelgid – but in addition to these tiny insects, large mammals may also shape the future forest. Deer and moose love to browse the tree saplings that grow after hemlock trees die and the forest transforms from a shady, mature forest to a dense thicket of young trees and sun-loving understory plants. Harvard Forest eastablished the Hemlock Removal Experiment in 2003, and early on during the experiment, researchers observed deer and moose browsing. Therefore, in 2011 a fence was installed to enclose half of each plot and exclude moose and deer.

During her internship, Katherinne analyzed 10 years of data to investigate whether the structure and composition of tree saplings and/or understory plants is altered when deer and moose browsing is excluded. While density of saplings and seedlings did not differ between fernced & unfenced plots, some interesting trends emerged regarding species that were tolerant of or resistant to herbivory. 

Mentored by Audrey Barker Plotkin, Harvard Forest Senior Ecologist, and Dr. Ed Faison, Senior Ecologist at Highstead 

Exploring STEM Identity in a K-12 Community Science Program

Cynthia Liu, Harvard Graduate School of Education

The Harvard Forest Schoolyard Ecology Program is community science project that across almost two decades has engaged over 40,000 students in authentic STEM data collection in their local schoolyards in the Northeast US. The Schoolyard Team is conducting a large study of STEM identity of student participants, examining how students’ STEM identity might shift during participation during in the program.

During this internship, which spans the winter and spring semesters, Cynthia has begun reviewing literature and comparable research frameworks to inform a post-program survey comprised of both quantitative and qualitative questions for participants.

Mentored by Katharine Hinkle, Harvard Forest Schoolyard Ecology Program Coordinator; Clarisse Hart, Harvard Forest Director of Education & Outreach; and Dr. Tara Goodhue, Science Teacher at Lowell High School

Long-term impacts of summer research experiences at Harvard Forest: What can we learn about the Harvard Forest REU experience?

Grace Burgin, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences

Undergraduate research experiences in STEM fields provide many students with their first hands-on experience in research. However, a recent review (Linn et al. 2015, Science 347:627) suggested that available program data are insufficient to determine whether students’ future “success” in science is improved by their participation in undergraduate research experiences.

The Harvard Forest Summer Research Program in Ecology (HF-SRPE) annually supports 20-30 undergraduates from diverse backgrounds, each of whom participates in 11 weeks of team-based, mentor-supervised research on forest ecosystems. Students also participate in seminars, educational workshops, and career/graduate school panels. The current longitudinal survey began in 2016 and tracks individuals before, during, and after their participation in the HF-SRPE. This study builds on prior work; since 2006 Harvard Forest has administered pre- and post-program student evaluation surveys to assess (1) acquisition and enhancement of scientific research skills; (2) satisfaction with the REU learning experience; and (3) post-program plans for STEM education and career development. An annual survey also assesses long-term STEM education and career trajectories of HF-SRPE alumni. 

During her internship, Grace Burgin designed an approach based on the available survey data to evaluate the short- and long-term impacts of participating in the HF-SRPE. After identifying that Research Experience for Undergraduate (REU) participants (e.g., HF-SRPE students) have a higher likelihood of pursuing graduate studies and persisting in STEM fields when compared to non-REU counterparts, Grace sought to understand why.  By examining data from student evaluation surveys, she determined that student teams that arrive with heterogenous prior research experience (i.e., a different level of experience between teammates) may improve the overall REU experience. This finding will help program coordinators identify actions to take that will improve the REU research experiences overall. 

Mentored by Ben Goulet-Scott, Higher Education & Laboratory Coordinator at Harvard Forest (Harvard OEB PhD ’22); Audrey Barker Plotkin, Harvard Forest Senior Ecologist 

Winter interns and mentors following intern presentations during lab group

Above, from left to right, are key individuals involved in the program: Ben Goulet-Scott, Audrey Barker Plotkin, Katharine Hinkle, Cynthia Liu (online), Grace Burgin, Katherinne Fox, Anabelle Rayson, Hannah Burrows, Naomi Hegwood, and Jackie Matthes. This year’s winter internship program was coordinated by Ben Goulet-Scott, Higher Education & Laboratory Coordinator.

Registration Open for Schoolyard Ecology Spring Workshop: April 5th, 2024

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Calling all Schoolyard Educators! We may be in the coldest portion of the winter, but it is time to think spring! 

At our workshop this spring, we will be focusing on your successes. You will have a chance to share about what you and your students have been up to this year and any results you would like to share. Buds, Leaves, and Global Warming educators will learn the spring protocol from Dr. O’Keefe, and other educators will be able to opt into some choices including an experimental walk in the woods and discussions on other relevant topics.

We will also be celebrating our educators who have been contributing data for 5, 10, and even 15 years!

The workshop will be held in person at the Fisher Museum at Harvard Forest on Friday, April 5th from 9 am-3:30 pm. PDP’s available. 

Register here.

Bullard Spotlight: Comparative investigation of heterogeneity across the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities

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By Zhanshan (Sam) Ma

During his Bullard Fellowship, Zhanshan (Sam) Ma – CAS 100-Talents endowed professor and PI of Computational Biology and Medical Ecology Lab, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) – is working with Harvard Forest Senior Research Fellow in Ecology Emeritus Aaron Ellison to review and synthesize the literature on heterogeneity published across the sciences, social sciences, and humanities.

Heterogeneity is often conflated with diversity, and their differences are not always explicated clearly. Shavit and Ellison (2021) argue that heterogeneity is an essential concept for noticing differences well beyond the ecological sciences, and “is fundamental for building our most basic categories, social systems, models, and their causal explanations.” 

Since the start of Sam’s Fellowship in July of 2023, he and Aaron have identified more than 1,200 papers on “heterogeneity” spanning more than two dozen disciplines—including biochemistry, biomedicine and clinical medicine, computational science and engineering, ecology and evolution, economics and management science, geology and planetary science, natural resources (including forests) and agriculture, physics and material science, psychology and psychiatry, sociology and political science, statistics and mathematics—each with more than 400 citations, on average.  

Sam’s initial findings include:

  • Many tipping points (both “black swan” and “grey rhino” events) such as biodiversity loss and climate changes are associated with ecological heterogeneity.
  • Many difficulties in early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and autism spectrum disorder relate to multidimensional heterogeneities in genomics, epigenetics, brain imaging, and phenotypic behaviors. Failures in treating cancers can be traced to their inherent heterogeneity.
  • Geological heterogeneity and its evolution can have far reaching influences on the fault strength and stability, which in turn affect the occurrence and scale of earthquakes.
  • Heterogeneity can be a better metric than diversity in guiding policy design for achieving social justice. This has been demonstrated by James Heckman, who in 2000, shared the Nobel Prize in Economics “for his work on the microeconometrics of diversity and heterogeneity and for establishing a sound causal basis for public policy evaluation” (Center for the Economics of Hman Development, University of Chicago).
  • Heterogeneity influences performance and innovation for business and team management, international trade, financial and banking systems, and overall economic growth and sustainable development.
  • The apparent success of deep-learning-based AI is rooted in its capacity to harness heterogeneous information flowing through heterogeneous neural networks. Pushing heterogeneity into cores is likely to be an avenue to design powerful next-generation AI chips because energy consumption of multiple cores should be more efficient in handling heterogenous computational tasks.
  • Statisticians believe that there is not a single approach to dealing with heterogeneities across different studies on the same problem.
  • Significant gaps in dealing with heterogenies exist among different disciplines and strategic-level thinking and design, and cross-disciplinary approaches will be crucial for dealing with the heterogeneities inherent in some of the pressing challenges humans face today and in the foreseeable future.

There are two goals for Sam’s Bullard research, which will extend through September of 2024. First, to write a review paper on heterogeneity focusing on the classification and synthesis of existing approaches for measuring heterogeneity across more than a dozen disciplines. Second, to develop novel methods for assessing and interpreting heterogeneities using network science, graph theory, and deep learning. The overall aim is to develop a new and more general cross-disciplinary framework for measuring heterogeneity and predicting its effects on complex systems.  

Above image shows Bullard Fellow Zhanshan (Sam) Ma with Harvard Forest Senior Research Fellow in Ecology Emeritus Aaron Ellison.

Learn about Sam Ma & Aaron Ellison’s presentation at MIT in January 2024!