uid=HFR,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org
all
public
read
Phenology of Woody Species at Harvard Forest since 1990
doi:10.6073/pasta/bc5d2c15df4fa81aeadcd59ed7580c91
John
O'Keefe
Greta
VanScoy
2024
English
Starting in the spring of 1990 we have observed the timing of woody vegetation development during the growing season. For the first twelve years (1990-2001) we observed bud break (50% leaf emergence) and leaf development (75% final size) on two to five permanently tagged individuals of 33 woody species at 3-7 day intervals from April through June. All individuals are located within 1.5 km of the Harvard Forest headquarters at elevations between 335 and 365 m, in habitats ranging from closed forest, through forest-swamp margins, to dry, open fields. For most species both overstory and understory individuals are represented.
Bud break is defined as when 50% of the buds on the individual have recognizable leaves emerging from them. Leaf development (75%) is defined as when at least 75% of the leaves on the individual have reached 75% of their final (mature) size. This point is used rather than "fully developed" because the leaves are functional but still developing rapidly during this period, which permits better estimation of a date between observations. Flowering and fruit development are also recorded if they occurred during the observation period.
Through 2001 these observations documented substantial (up to three weeks difference) inter-annual variation in the timing of leaf emergence (50%) and leaf development (75% final size), but good relative consistency among species and among individuals within species during these twelve years.
Therefore, starting in 2002 we maintained the same observation protocol, but reduced the number of species observed to nine, including striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), red maple (A. rubrum), sugar maple (A. saccharum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), beech (Fagus grandifolia), white ash (Fraxinus americana), witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), white oak (Q. alba) and red oak (Q. rubra). This subset of important, representative species allows us to continue to characterize leaf development each spring, and document inter-annual variability while reducing the resources required for the study significantly.
We have also recorded fall phenology since 1991, with the exception of 1992. Weekly observations of percent leaf coloration and percent leaf fall begin in September and continue through leaf fall. Observations of leaf drop through 2001 exhibited less variation than those of leaf emergence, but similar relative consistency among species and among individuals within species. In 2002 we reduced the number of species observed in the fall to fourteen, including red maple (Acer rubrum), sugar maple (A. saccharum), striped maple (A. pensylvanicum), shadbush (Amelanchier laevis), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), black birch (B. lenta), paper birch (B. papyrifera), beech (Fagus grandifolia), white ash (Fraxinus americana), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), black cherry (Prunus serotina), white oak (Quercus alba), (Q. rubra) and black oak (Q. velutina).
Although leaf fall continues to exhibit somewhat less variability than leaf emergence, very late leaf drop in 2002 and 2005 has expanded leaf drop variability significantly.
climate
phenology
plant species
LTER controlled vocabulary
populations
LTER core area
Harvard Forest
HFR
LTER
USA
HFR default
This dataset is released to the public under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 (No Rights Reserved). Please keep the dataset creators informed of any plans to use the dataset. Consultation with the original investigators is strongly encouraged. Publications and data products that make use of the dataset should include proper acknowledgement.
Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal
https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html
CC0-1.0
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf003
Prospect Hill Tract (Harvard Forest). Coordinates based on WGS84 datum.
-72.19
-72.18
+42.54
+42.53
335
365
meter
1990
2023
genus
Acer
species
pensylvanicum
striped maple
species
rubrum
red maple
species
saccharum
sugar maple
genus
Amelanchier
species
canadensis
shadbush
genus
Aronia
chokeberry
genus
Betula
species
alleghaniensis
yellow birch
species
lenta
black birch
species
papyrifera
paper birch
species
populifolia
gray birch
genus
Castanea
species
dentata
chestnut
genus
Cornus
species
alternifolia
alternate-leaf dogwood
genus
Crataegus
hawthorn
genus
Fagus
species
grandifolia
beech
genus
Fraxinus
species
americana
white ash
genus
Hamamelis
species
virginiana
witch hazel
genus
Ilex
species
verticillata
winterberry
genus
Kalmia
species
angustifolia
sheep laurel
species
latifolia
mountain laurel
genus
Lyonia
species
ligustrina
maleberry
genus
Nemopanthus
species
mucronata
mountain holly
genus
Nyssa
species
sylvatica
black gum
genus
Pinus
species
strobus
white pine
genus
Populus
species
tremuloides
trembling aspen
genus
Prunus
species
serotina
black cherry
genus
Quercus
species
alba
white oak
species
rubra
red oak
species
velutina
black oak
genus
Rhododendron
species
nudiflorum
azalea
genus
Sambucus
species
canadensis
red elderberry
genus
Tsuga
species
canadensis
hemlock
genus
Vaccinium
species
corymbosum
highbush blueberry
genus
Viburnum
species
alnifolium
hobblebush
species
cassinoides
witherod
ongoing
Information Manager
Harvard Forest
324 North Main Street
Petersham
MA
01366
USA
(978) 724-3302
hf-im@lists.fas.harvard.edu
Harvard Forest
324 North Main Street
Petersham
MA
01366
USA
(978) 724-3302
(978) 724-3595
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu
The timing of spring bud break and leaf development and of autumn leaf coloration and leaf fall are recorded for permanently tagged individuals in the field.
Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research
Harvard Forest
324 North Main Street
Petersham
MA
01366
USA
(978) 724-3302
(978) 724-3595
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu
https://ror.org/059cpzx98
pointOfContact
The Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program examines ecological dynamics in the New England region resulting from natural disturbances, environmental change, and human impacts.
National Science Foundation LTER grants: DEB-8811764, DEB-9411975, DEB-0080592, DEB-0620443, DEB-1237491, DEB-1832210.
hf003-01-plant.csv
plant information
hf003-01-plant.csv
10317
683668d98003554569e72d4b2a17bf6c
1
\r\n
column
,
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p00/hf003/hf003-01-plant.csv
tree_id
tree ID is comprised of the first two letters of the genus plus the first two letters of the species followed by a two digit number
tree identification
tag
the order in which the plants are observed in the study area
the order in which the plants are observed in the study area
start
date of first observation, if different from 3/23/1990
YYYY-MM-DD
1
NA
missing value
end
date of final observation, if no longer observed
YYYY-MM-DD
0
NA
missing value
latin
latin name of the plant
latin name of the plant
common
common name of the plant
common name of the plant
site
where the plant grows in the study area
CSRD
Causeway Rd.
LORD
Locust Opening Rd.
PHRD
Prospect Hill Rd.
SFLD
Shaler Hall Fields
SSBN
south slope burn
SWED
swamp edge
length
maximum length of a leaf for that tree
centimeter
0.1
real
NA
missing value
width
maximum width of a leaf for that tree
centimeter
1
natural
NA
missing value
sex
sex
B
monoecious, meaning both
M
male
P
perfect flower
U
unknown
hgt_91
height of the plant measured in 1991
meter
0.1
real
NA
missing value
dbh_91
Diameter Breast Height of the plant measured in 1991
centimeter
0.01
real
NA
missing value
can_91
canopy position of the plant as determined in 1991
C
codominant
D
dominant
I
intermediate
S
suppressed
dbh_2018
Diameter Breast Height of the plant measured in 1991
centimeter
0.01
real
NA
missing value
crown_class
canopy position of the plant as determined in 2018
C
codominant
D
dominant
I
intermediate
S
suppressed
128
hf003-02-daily.csv
daily conditions
hf003-02-daily.csv
13969
e7dc5a72284198babf2ed3908978667d
1
\r\n
column
,
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p00/hf003/hf003-02-daily.csv
date
date
YYYY-MM-DD
0
obs_1
initials of principle observer
initials of principle observer
obs_2
initials of additional observer, when applicable
iinitials of additional observer, when applicable
time
time
AM
AM
PM
PM
NA
missing data
weath
general conditions during observation
CL
mostly cloudy
MC
mostly cloudy
PC
partly cloudy
PS
partly sunny
SH
cloudy with showers or flurries
NA
missing data
temp
temperature range
3
30's
4
40's
5
50's
6
60's
7
70's
8
80's
9
90's
snow_cov
snow cover
0
none
1
a few patches
2
many patches
3
some open patches
4
total
snow_dep
snow depth
centimeter
1
whole
NA
missing value
strm_1
condition of the first stream observed in the study area
DM
dry mud
DY
dry
FR
frozen
HF
heavy flow
LP
large puddles
MF
moderate flow
SL
slight flow
SP
small puddles
WM
wet mud
NA
missing data
strm_2
condition of the second stream observed in the study area
DM
dry mud
DY
dry
FR
frozen
HF
heavy flow
LP
large puddles
MF
moderate flow
SL
slight flow
SP
small puddles
WM
wet mud
NA
missing data
strm_3
condition of the third stream observed in the study area
DM
dry mud
DY
dry
MF
moderate flow
SL
slight flow
NA
missing data
h_ice
percent of ice cover in the hemlock hollow pool
number
1
whole
NA
missing value
h_wat
percent fullness of the hemlock hollow pool
number
1
whole
NA
missing value
299
hf003-03-spring.csv
spring phenology
hf003-03-spring.csv
2952913
d3965a620c587fdbbd7d566e7d1cf3fe
1
\r\n
column
,
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p00/hf003/hf003-03-spring.csv
date
date
YYYY-MM-DD
0
doy
day of year
nominalDay
1
whole
tree_id
tree ID is comprised of the first two letters of the genus plus the first two letters of the species followed by a two digit number
tree ID is comprised of the first two letters of the genus plus the first two letters of the species followed by a two digit number
circuit
order in the circuit in which the trees were observed
number
1
whole
NA
missing value
bcon
Bud condition. This refers to the leaf bud from when it first begins to swell to when it has opened and leaves first appear.
BB
bud break
MS
moderate swelling
NS
no swelling
SS
slight swelling
VS
very swollen
bbrk
percentage of buds on the tree that have broken open, revealing leaves
number
1
whole
NA
missing value
fbud
similar to bud condition, except it's for flower buds
BB
bud break, petals out
MS
moderate swelling
SS
slight swelling
VS
very swollen
fopn
percentage of flower buds open on a tree
number
1
whole
NA
missing value
fpst
percentage of flowers past bloom, either shrivelled, pollen gone, or petals fallen
number
1
whole
NA
missing value
sex
sex
M
Male
F
Female
P
Perfect
B
Monoecous
length
leaf length in centimeters. The longest leaf is measured; this is not an average. Not recorded for all plants.
centimeter
0.1
real
NA
missing value
width
leaf width in centimeters. The largest leaf is measured; this is not an average. Not recorded for all plants.
centimeter
0.1
real
NA
missing value
lfin
amount of individual leaf growth given as the percentage of final size, i.e. leaves are 25% of total leaf size. This is an average.
number
1
whole
NA
missing value
l75
percentage of leaves on the tree that are at least 75% of their total size. It does not go above 80.
number
1
whole
NA
missing value
l95
percentage of leaves on the tree that are greater or equal to their 95% of their final size. It does not go above 97.
number
1
whole
NA
missing value
tip
leaf tip growth
0
no mention, no growth
F
few tips growing
S
some tips growing
M
many tips growing
comments
comments
comments
46670
hf003-04-fall.csv
fall phenology
hf003-04-fall.csv
1203947
886b46f41a0556bbd5e3172adcfc5162
1
\r\n
column
,
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p00/hf003/hf003-04-fall.csv
date
date
YYYY-MM-DD
0
doy
day of year
nominalDay
1
whole
tree_id
tree ID is comprised of the first two letters of the genus plus the first two letters of the species followed by a two digit number
tree ID is comprised of the first two letters of the genus plus the first two letters of the species followed by a two digit number
tag
tree tag
tree tag
circuit
order in the circuit in which the trees were observed
number
1
whole
NA
missing value
fopn
percentage of flower buds open on the tree
number
1
natural
NA
missing value
fpst
percentage of flowers past bloom, either shrivelled, pollen gone, or petals fallen
number
1
natural
NA
missing value
lcolor
percentage of leaves that have changed color on a given tree
number
1
whole
NA
missing value
lfall
percentage of leaves that have fallen from a given tree
number
1
whole
NA
missing value
comments
comments
comments
25362
hf003-05-spring-mean-ind.csv
mean spring dates (individual)
hf003-05-spring-mean-ind.csv
87174
88a799d1d9cb62be6a879d8fdd5f7282
1
\r\n
column
,
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p00/hf003/hf003-05-spring-mean-ind.csv
year
year
YYYY
tree_id
tree ID is comprised of the first two letters of the genus plus the first two letters of the species followed by a two digit number
tree ID is comprised of the first two letters of the genus plus the first two letters of the species followed by a two digit number
species
species code is comprised of the first two letters of the genus plus the first two letters of the species
ACPE
Acer pensylvanicum, striped maple
ACRU
Acer rubrum, red maple
ACSA
Acer saccharum, sugar maple
AMSP
Amelanchier species, shadbush
ARSP
Aronia species, chokeberry
BEAL
Betula alleghaniensis, yellow birch
BELE
Betula lenta, blackbirch
BEPA
Betula Papyrifera
BEPO
Betula popilofolia, gray birch
CADE
Castanea dentata, chestnut
COAL
Cornus alternifolia, alternate-leaved dogwood
CRSP
Crataegus sp., hawthorne
FAGR
Fagus grandifolia, beech
FRAM
Fraxinus americana, white ash
HAVI
Hamamelis virginia, witch hazel
ILVE
Ilex verticillata, winterberry
KAAN
Kalmia angustifolia, sheep laurel
KALA
Kalmia latifolia, mountain laurel
LYLI
Lyonia ligustina, maleberry
NEMU
Nemopanthus mucronata
NYSY
Nyssa sylvatica, blackgum
PIST
Pinus strobus, white pine
POTR
Populus tremuloides, trembling aspen
PRSE
Prunus serotina, black cherry
QUAL
Quercus alba, white oak
QURU
Quercus rubra, red oak
QUVE
Quercus velutina, black oak
RHSP
Rhododendron sp., rhododendron
SAPU
Sambucus pubens, red elderberry
TSCA
Tsuga canadensis, hemlock
VACO
Vaccinium corymbosum, highbush blueberry
VIAL
Viburnum alnifolium, hobblebush
VICA
Viburnum cassinoides, witherod
bb_doy
day of year on which 50% of the buds were open with visible leaves
nominalDay
1
whole
NA
missing value
l75_doy
day of year on which 50% of the leaves were developed to 75% of their final size
nominalDay
1
whole
NA
missing value
fbb_doy
day of year on which flower buds first broke with petals visible
nominalDay
1
whole
NA
missing value
fopn_doy
day of year on which 50% of the flower buds were open
nominalDay
1
whole
NA
missing value
2606
hf003-06-spring-mean-spp.csv
mean spring dates (species)
hf003-06-spring-mean-spp.csv
54233
c7a1f1af1008938ef2f7ff162ab0d359
1
\r\n
column
,
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p00/hf003/hf003-06-spring-mean-spp.csv
year
year
YYYY
species
species code is comprised of the first two letters of the genus plus the first two letters of the species
ACPE
Acer pensylvanicum, striped maple
ACRU
Acer rubrum, red maple
ACSA
Acer saccharum, sugar maple
AMSP
Amelanchier species, shadbush
ARSP
Aronia species, chokeberry
BEAL
Betula alleghaniensis, yellow birch
BELE
Betula lenta, blackbirch
BEPA
Betula Papyrifera
BEPO
Betula popilofolia, gray birch
CADE
Castanea dentata, chestnut
COAL
Cornus alternifolia, alternate-leaved dogwood
CRSP
Crataegus sp., hawthorne
FAGR
Fagus grandifolia, beech
FRAM
Fraxinus americana, white ash
HAVI
Hamamelis virginia, witch hazel
ILVE
Ilex verticillata, winterberry
KAAN
Kalmia angustifolia, sheep laurel
KALA
Kalmia latifolia, mountain laurel
LYLI
Lyonia ligustina, maleberry
NEMU
Nemopanthus mucronata
NYSY
Nyssa sylvatica, blackgum
PIST
Pinus strobus, white pine
POTR
Populus tremuloides, trembling aspen
PRSE
Prunus serotina, black cherry
QUAL
Quercus alba, white oak
QURU
Quercus rubra, red oak
QUVE
Quercus velutina, black oak
RHSP
Rhododendron sp., rhododendron
SAPU
Sambucus pubens, red elderberry
TSCA
Tsuga canadensis, hemlock
VACO
Vaccinium corymbosum, highbush blueberry
VIAL
Viburnum alnifolium, hobblebush
VICA
Viburnum cassinoides, witherod
bb_doy
mean day of year on which individuals of this species had 50% of their buds open with visible leaves
nominalDay
1
whole
NA
missing value
l75_doy
mean day of year on which individuals of this species had 50% of their leaves developed to 75% of final size
nominalDay
1
whole
NA
missing value
fbb_doy
mean day of year on which individuals of this species had their flower buds first open with visible petals
nominalDay
1
whole
NA
missing value
fopn_doy
mean day of year on which individuals of this species had 50% of their flower buds open
nominalDay
1
whole
NA
missing value
sd_bb_doy
standard deviation of mean day of year of bud burst for this species
nominalDay
0.0001
real
NA
missing value
sd_l75_doy
standard deviation of mean day of year for 75% leaves open for this species
nominalDay
0.0001
real
NA
missing value
sd_fbb_doy
standard deviation of mean day of year of flower bud burst for this species
nominalDay
0.0001
real
NA
missing value
sd_fopen_doy
standard deviation of mean day of year of flower buds open for this species
nominalDay
0.0001
real
NA
missing value
775
hf003-07-fall-mean-ind.csv
mean fall dates (individual)
hf003-07-fall-mean-ind.csv
62283
18798bc71c53e40929fd2add00df0870
1
\r\n
column
,
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p00/hf003/hf003-07-fall-mean-ind.csv
year
year
YYYY
tree_id
tree ID is comprised of the first two letters of the genus plus the first two letters of the species followed by a two digit number
tree ID is comprised of the first two letters of the genus plus the first two letters of the species followed by a two digit number
species
species code is comprised of the first two letters of the genus plus the first two letters of the species
ACPE
Acer pensylvanicum, striped maple
ACRU
Acer rubrum, red maple
ACSA
Acer saccharum, sugar maple
AMSP
Amelanchier species, shadbush
ARSP
Aronia species, chokeberry
BEAL
Betula alleghaniensis, yellow birch
BELE
Betula lenta, blackbirch
BEPA
Betula Papyrifera
BEPO
Betula popilofolia, gray birch
CADE
Castanea dentata, chestnut
COAL
Cornus alternifolia, alternate-leaved dogwood
CRSP
Crataegus sp., hawthorne
FAGR
Fagus grandifolia, beech
FRAM
Fraxinus americana, white ash
HAVI
Hamamelis virginia, witch hazel
ILVE
Ilex verticillata, winterberry
KAAN
Kalmia angustifolia, sheep laurel
KALA
Kalmia latifolia, mountain laurel
LYLI
Lyonia ligustina, maleberry
NEMU
Nemopanthus mucronata
NYSY
Nyssa sylvatica, blackgum
PIST
Pinus strobus, white pine
POTR
Populus tremuloides, trembling aspen
PRSE
Prunus serotina, black cherry
QUAL
Quercus alba, white oak
QURU
Quercus rubra, red oak
QUVE
Quercus velutina, black oak
RHSP
Rhododendron sp., rhododendron
SAPU
Sambucus pubens, red elderberry
TSCA
Tsuga canadensis, hemlock
VACO
Vaccinium corymbosum, highbush blueberry
VIAL
Viburnum alnifolium, hobblebush
VICA
Viburnum cassinoides, witherod
lc_doy
mean day of year on which 50% of the leaves have changed color on a given tree
nominalDay
1
whole
NA
missing value
lf_doy
mean day of year on which 50% of the leaves have fallen from a given tree
nominalDay
1
whole
NA
missing value
2309
hf003-08-fall-mean-spp.csv
mean fall dates (species)
hf003-08-fall-mean-spp.csv
35072
e975589900bf5816224ceff675b34680
1
\r\n
column
,
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p00/hf003/hf003-08-fall-mean-spp.csv
year
year
YYYY
species
species code is comprised of the first two letters of the genus plus the first two letters of the species
ACPE
Acer pensylvanicum, striped maple
ACRU
Acer rubrum, red maple
ACSA
Acer saccharum, sugar maple
AMSP
Amelanchier species, shadbush
ARSP
Aronia species, chokeberry
BEAL
Betula alleghaniensis, yellow birch
BELE
Betula lenta, blackbirch
BEPA
Betula Papyrifera
BEPO
Betula popilofolia, gray birch
CADE
Castanea dentata, chestnut
COAL
Cornus alternifolia, alternate-leaved dogwood
CRSP
Crataegus sp., hawthorne
FAGR
Fagus grandifolia, beech
FRAM
Fraxinus americana, white ash
HAVI
Hamamelis virginia, witch hazel
ILVE
Ilex verticillata, winterberry
KAAN
Kalmia angustifolia, sheep laurel
KALA
Kalmia latifolia, mountain laurel
LYLI
Lyonia ligustina, maleberry
NEMU
Nemopanthus mucronata
NYSY
Nyssa sylvatica, blackgum
PIST
Pinus strobus, white pine
POTR
Populus tremuloides, trembling aspen
PRSE
Prunus serotina, black cherry
QUAL
Quercus alba, white oak
QURU
Quercus rubra, red oak
QUVE
Quercus velutina, black oak
RHSP
Rhododendron sp., rhododendron
SAPU
Sambucus pubens, red elderberry
TSCA
Tsuga canadensis, hemlock
VACO
Vaccinium corymbosum, highbush blueberry
VIAL
Viburnum alnifolium, hobblebush
VICA
Viburnum cassinoides, witherod
lc_doy
mean day of year on which 50% of the leaves have changed color on individuals of this species
nominalDay
1
whole
NA
missing value
lf_doy
mean day of year on which 50% of the leaves have fallen from individuals of this species
nominalDay
1
whole
NA
missing value
sd_lc_doy
standard deviation of mean day of year on which 50% of the leaves have changed color on individuals of this species
nominalDay
0.0001
real
NA
missing value
sd_lf_doy
standard deviation of mean day of year on which 50% of the leaves have fallen from individuals of this species
nominalDay
0.0001
real
NA
missing value
673
hf003-09-spring-dates.txt
R code to calculate spring dates
hf003-09-spring-dates.txt
5150
54036fb4a4e53c8c8120b88740081082
none
R script
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p00/hf003/hf003-09-spring-dates.txt
script
hf003-10-fall-dates.txt
R code to calculate fall dates
hf003-10-fall-dates.txt
3957
58017b0eb8f425524e869924c9a59b02
none
R script
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p00/hf003/hf003-10-fall-dates.txt
script
hf003-11-tree-locations.txt
tree spatial coordinates
hf003-11-tree-locations.txt
10064
2a37e3f2ffe1b8bc2f13f7b55c865325
none
KML
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p00/hf003/hf003-11-tree-locations.txt
raster GIS
atmosphere
plot
long-term measurement