Soil Warming Experiment - Prospect Hill

Data

• hf005-01: trace gas flux
• hf005-02: lysimeter
• hf005-03: nitrogen mineralization
• hf005-04: soil temperature
• hf005-05: soil respiration

Overview

• Lead: Jerry Melillo, Paul Steudler, Jacqueline Mohan
• Investigators: John Aber, Toby Ahrens, Joe Blanchard, Frank Bowles, Elizabeth Burrows, Christina Catricala, Heidi Lux, Alison Magill, Sarah Morrisseau, Knute Nadelhoffer, Kathy Newkirk
• Contact: Jerry Melillo
• Start date: 1991-01-01
• End date: ongoing
• Location: Prospect Hill Tract (Harvard Forest)
• Latitude: +42.54
• Longitude: -72.18
• Elevation: 365 meters
• Taxa:
• Research topic: plot, soil
• Study type: long-term measurement
• LTER core area: inorganic nutrients, disturbance
• Keywords: CH4, climate change, CO2, N20, NMIN, soil carbon, soil nitrogen, soil respiration, soil temperature, soil water
• Release date: 1999
• EML version: knb-lter-hfr.5.9
• Revisions: data updated 2009-05-20
• Related links:
• Plot Map
• Soil Warming Experiment - Barre Woods
• Abstract:

  The soil warming experiment was installed on the Prospect Hill tract in 1991 to allow us to investigate the effects of a 5 deg C temperature increase on soil processes fundamental to the global cycling of carbon and nitrogen. The experiment is located in an even-aged mixed hardwood forest. Six replicates of three treatments, Heated (resistance heating cables buried at 10cm and maintained at a 5 deg C differential from the control plots), Disturbance Control (cables installed but not powered) and Control treatments make up the randomized block design. The temperature differential is maintained with monitoring at five minute increments by an automated thermister network in the plots, wired to a multiplexer and a datalogger in the control shed. In the plots, measurements of trace gasses (CO2, N2O and CH4), nitrogen mineralization, soil moisture and soil water chemistry have allowed us to quantify changes in the soil system.

  Ten years of elevated soil temperatures at the Harvard Forest soil warming experiment suggest that there are limits to a positive feedback to the global warming cycle. After many early years of increased CO2 fluxes from the warmed plots, years nine and ten have revealed no significant differences in releases of CO2 between the heated and control plots. Nitrogen mineralization has shown a large response to warming as well, with twice the rate of N mineralized in years 1-4, followed by a gradual decrease in rates to about the 40% level in 1998. Resumption of mineralization measurements in 2001 reveal a continued decrease in mineralization rates.

  Field results from the soil warming experiment indicate that only a small fraction of the soil carbon in this mid-latitude forest ecosystem will be lost to the atmosphere in response to warming. We find that a 5 deg C warming of the soil for a decade results in a loss of about 11% of the carbon stored in the top 60 cm of soil, with most of this loss occurring in the first four to five years. By the end of the decade, warming no longer stimulates soil carbon loss. In addition, we find that warming accelerates the soil nitrogen cycle, particularly in the early years of warming. This acceleration has the potential to stimulate plant carbon storage.

  Calculations based on nitrogen uptake in vegetation at the Chronic N Experiment (Magill, Aber et al. 2000) allow us to estimate how much additional carbon might be stored in plants as a result increased N availability at soil warming. Our calculations show that the potential increase in carbon stored is large enough to more than compensate for the soil carbon loss, so that warming may actually stimulate carbon storage at the ecosystem level in this mid-latitude forest.

  We are currently expanding our research from the original soil warming experiment to investigate this important feedback at the Harvard Forest. The existing 6x6m plots on the Prospect Hill tract are not large enough to allow for the study of treatment effects on trees, so we are installing a larger warming experiment. The new experiment will have two 30x30m plots, a heated and a control plot, in the Slab City Tract of the Harvard Forest. Many aspects of this experiment will be the same as the original. Using resistance heating cables and thermisters, we will maintain a 5 deg C differential between the heated and control plots, year-round. In addition to the trace gas, nitrogen mineralization and soil water parameters measured to date, we will also be measuring woody increment and other vegetation metrics to allow us to investigate the plant response to perturbations in the carbon and nitrogen cycles.

• Methods:

  Gas measurements were made by placing chamber lids over anchored collars for 15 min and sampling the headspace at 5-min intervals. Samples were analyzed for trace gas concentrations by gas chromatography or infrared analysis, and the changes in concentration were used to calculate net flux rates. On each sampling date, fluxes were measured at early morning and afternoon intervals. N2O and CH4 fluxes were measured from 1991 to 1995 along with the CO2 measurements using the same static chamber method.

  Soil temperatures were measured at the surface and 2 and 4cm at the time of each gas sampling. Plot temperatures were also constantly monitored by an automated thermister system, allowing comparison between control and heated plots at 5 minute intervals, with according powering up or down of the plots as needed.

  Soil moisture measurements were conducted using gravimetric techniques for the first 4 years of the study and by time domain reflectometry (TDR) from 1995-2002.

  Net N mineralization and nitrification were measured for the forest floor and mineral soil using an on-site buried bag incubation. Incubations were for 6 weeks, April- November, and for 5 months through the winter. Initial samples were collected and analyzed for extractable (2N KCl, 48 hours) NH4+ and NO3- content. The same analysis was carried out on the incubated samples. The difference in total mineral N content between initial and incubated soils is the net mineralization rate.

  Concentrations of inorganic N in water leaching below the rooting zone were measured using high-tension lysimetry. Soil water samples were collected from one porous cup lysimeter per plot on two occasions every month for the first 2 years of the experiment, then monthly. Lysimeters were installed at a depth of 50 cm and evacuated to 15 in Hg 24 h before sampling. Samples were frozen until they were analyzed for NH4+ and NO3-.

• Use:

  This dataset is released to the public and may be freely downloaded. Please keep the designated Contact person informed of any plans to use the dataset. Consultation or collaboration with the original investigators is strongly encouraged. Publications and data products that make use of the dataset must include proper acknowledgement. For more information on LTER Network data access and use policies, please see: http://www.lternet.edu/data/netpolicy.html.

• Citation:

  Melillo J, Steudler P, Mohan J. 1999. Soil Warming Experiment - Prospect Hill. Harvard Forest Data Archive: HF005.

Detailed Metadata

hf005-01: trace gas flux

1. Year: year (YYYY)
2. Replicate: replicate number
3. SAMPDATE: sample date (YYMMDD)
4. TReaTCODE: treatment code
   • 1: control
   • 2: disturbed control
   • 3: heated 5 deg C
5. NBLOCK: block number. There are 3 blocks, each with 6 plots grouped in a randomized block design.
6. CO2FluX: CO2 flux (mg C/m2/hr). Samples collected every 5 min for 15 min using a static chamber method. Samples analyzed by infrared analysis (milligramsPerMeterSquaredPerHour )
7. CH4FluX: CH4 flux (mg C/m2/hr). Samples collected every 5 min for 15 min using a static chamber method. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. (milligramsPerMeterSquaredPerHour )
8. N2OFluX: N2O flux (ug N/m2/hr). Samples collected every 5 min for 15 min using a static chamber method. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. (microgramsPerMeterSquaredPerHour )
9. TeMP@2CM: soil temperature (deg C) at 2 cm depth taken at the time of gas sampling (celsius )
10. TeMP@4CM: soil temperature (deg C) at 4 cm depth taken at the time of gas sampling (celsius )
11. Grav.H2OOrgMatter: mineral gravimetric soil water (g H2O/g soil) (gramsPerGram )
12. Grav.H2OMiner.Matter: mineral gravimetric soil water (g H2O/g soil) (gramsPerGram )
13. Vol.H2O: soil water (cm3 H2O/cm3 soil) measured using time domain reflectometery (TDR) (cubicCentimetersPerCubicCentimeters )

hf005-02: lysimeter

1. Year: year (YYYY)
2. Rep: replicate number
3. SAMPDATE: sample date (YYMMDD)
4. PLOT: plot number
5. TREATMENT: treatment code
   • 1: control
   • 2: disturbed control
   • 3: heated 5 deg C
6. LYSNO3: samples were collected from a high-tension lysimeter installed at a depth of 50cm. Samples were analyzed for dissolved NO3- (mg/L) (milligramsPerLiter )
7. LYSNH4: samples were collected from a high-tension lysimeter installed at a depth of 50cm. Samples were analyzed for dissolved NH4+ (mg/L) (milligramsPerLiter )
8. ml_col: volume of sample collected (ml) (milliliter )

hf005-03: nitrogen mineralization

1. Year: year (YYYY)
2. Rep: replicate number
3. SAMPDATE: sample date (YYMMDD)
4. HORIZON: soil horizon
   • 0: organic
   • 3: mineral
5. TREATMENT: treatment code
   • 1: control
   • 2: disturbed control
   • 3: heated 5 deg C
6. PLOT: plot number
7. NETNO3: net N mineralization in the form of NO3- (mg N/kg) released during incubation period (milligramsPerKilogram )
8. NETNH4: net N mineralization in the form of NH4+ (mg N/kg) released during incubation period (milligramsPerKilogram )
9. NETION: combined net mineralization (mg N/kg) released during incubation period (milligramsPerKilogram )
10. DAYSINCU: number of days of on-site buried bag incubation (nominalDay )
11. DEPTH: depth of soil horizon (centimeter )
12. BD: bulk density (g/cm3) greater than 2mm (gramsPerMeterCubed )

hf005-04: soil temperature

1. Rep: replicate number
2. Year: year (YYYY)
3. Month: month (MM)
4. Day: day (DD)
5. JDATE: Julian date (DOY) (DDD)
6. PLOT1H: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
7. PLOT6H: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
8. PLOT8H: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
9. PLOT12H: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
10. PLOT15H: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
11. PLOT16H: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
12. PLOT2C: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
13. PLOT4C: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
14. PLOT7C: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
15. PLOT11C: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
16. PLOT14C: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
17. PLOT18C: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
18. PLOT3D: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
19. PLOT5D: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
20. PLOT9D: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
21. PLOT10D: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
22. PLOT13D: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
23. PLOT17D: temp (deg C) measured at 5 cm depth (celsius )
24. AVGHEAT: average temp (deg C) in Heated plots (celsius )
25. AVGCONTROL: average temp (deg C) in Control plots (celsius )
26. AVGDCONTRL: average temp (deg C) in Disturbance Control plots (celsius )
27. SHEDAIR: average air temp (deg C) taken at the Prospect Hill Soil Warming site (celsius )
28. AIRTEMPMAX: max air temp (deg C) at Shaler Meteorological Station (celsius )
29. AIRTEMPMIN: min air temp (deg C) at Shaler Meteorological Station (celsius )
30. AIRTEMPAVG: average air temp (deg C) at Shaler Meteorological Station (celsius )
31. PRECIP: rainfall (millimeter )
32. SNOW: snow depth (millimeter )

hf005-05: soil respiration

1. YEAR: year that the data was collected (YYYY)
2. MONTH: month that the data was collected (MM)
3. DAY: day the data was collected (DD)
4. TIME: time data was collected rounded to the nearest hour (hh:mm)
5. TREATMEN: treatment code
   • C: control
   • DC: disturbance control
   • H: heated plot
6. PLOT: Plot ID
7. CO2FLX: CO2 flux in mg C m-2 h-1 (milligramsPerMeterSquaredPerHour )
8. CM4AVGT: soil temperature at 4 cm depth (celsius )