Simulated Hurricane Experiment - Vegetation Response



	Simulated Hurricane Experiment - Vegetation Response HF002 EML Publications Archive Data hf002-01: trees in control plot hf002-02: trees in experimental plot hf002-03: tree damage hf002-04: tree regeneration hf002-05: shrubs hf002-06: herbs hf002-07: recruitment hf002-08: control plot notes hf002-09: experimental plot notes hf002-10: damage notes hf002-11: regeneration notes Overview Lead: David Foster, Audrey Barker Plotkin Investigators: Sarah Cooper-Ellis, Ann Lezberg Contact: Audrey Barker Plotkin Start date: 1990-01-01 End date: ongoing Location: Tom Swamp Tract (Harvard Forest) Latitude: +42.49 Longitude: -72.20 Elevation: 310 meters Taxa: Research topic: plot, community Study type: long-term measurement LTER core area: disturbance Keywords: forest dynamics, hurricane, tree maps, wind damage Release date: 1999 EML version: knb-lter-hfr.2.11 Revisions: data updated 2009-05-20 Related links: Long-Term Decomposition Plots Simulated Hurricane Experiment - Trace Gas Fluxes and Soil N Dynamics Abstract: The following abstract is taken from a published paper (Cooper-Ellis, S., D. R. Foster, G. Carlton and A. Lezberg. 1999. Forest response to catastrophic wind: results from an experimental hurricane. Ecology 80: 2683-2696). "Infrequent, intense wind disturbance is an important factor in northeastern U.S. forests, yet little is known about the early stages of vegetation reorganization, or the processes that facilitate biotic regulation of ecosystem function after such storms. We designed an experiment, based on a simulated hurricane blowdown, to examine the relationship of tree damage patterns to mortality and regeneration, community dynamics, vegetation recovery and ecosystem processes. In October 1990, selected canopy trees in a 50 x 160 m area within a 75-yr-old Quercus rubra-Acer rubrum forest in central Massachusetts were pulled over by a winch, using records from the 1938 hurricane to determine the number of trees and direction of fall. The resulting damage to 65% of trees closely approximated effects of the 1938 storm on New England forests. Damage and mortality varied by tree species and size, indicating the importance of pre-disturbance forest structure and composition in determining the range and severity of impact. Measurements of vegetation and environment in the experimental area and control indicated that, although the manipulated stand sustained dramatic damage and structural reorganization, resilience of trees and understory vegetation provided tight biotic control of ecosystem processes, including nutrient cycling. Continued leaf-out and induced sprouting by damaged trees, increased growth by saplings and understory plants, and seedling establishment on disturbed microsites stabilized the microenvironment. Our findings are in contrast to studies of disturbances in which mortality was higher when damaged trees were removed from the site. This suggests that salvage logging following wind disturbance may have serious long-term implications." Methods: A. Methods for manipulation and tree damage and mortality assessment The Tom Swamp Hurricane Experiment was initiated in 1990 in order to study long-term vegetation and ecosystem response to wind disturbance. The 0.8 ha experimental and 0.6 ha control (untreated) areas were surveyed and marked at 10m by 10m intervals prior to the manipulation to form grids with long axes (experiment: 160m; control: 120m) running 85.5 degrees. Half of each area was surrounded by electrical fencing to exclude deer. Untreated red oak-red maple forest of similar age and structure occupied the 30 m buffer between and around the manipulation and control areas. In both areas, all trees of diameter greater than or equal to 5 cm dbh (experimental: 888 trees; control: 776 trees) were mapped prior to the manipulation using a mapping technique in which inter-tree distances were measured to the nearest centimeter (Boose, E.R., E.F. Boose and A.L. Lezberg. 1998. A practical method for mapping trees using distance measurements. Ecology 79:819-827). For each tree, species, canopy position, health, existing damage and diameter were recorded. Trees with multiple stems originating from a single base were measured as separate individuals. In the first week of October, during peak hurricane season, 235 dominant and codominant trees (76.5% of all live canopy trees) in the experimental area were individually pulled over toward the northwest to approximate the direction of hurricane winds. A choker wrapped around the main trunk at heights of 2.5m to 4.5m was fastened to a cable from a winch on a logging skidder, and pulling force was applied until the weight of the crown pulled the tree over. Trees closest to the operating site but just beyond the 30m buffer of intact forest were pulled first and trees farther away were pulled onto previously felled trees. The skidder operated from a clearcut 10-m strip to the north of the manipulation creating swaths of damage less than 15m wide and moving westward. Trees damaged by other trees were left where they fell and no effort was made to pull trees beyond their final point of repose if they were caught in other standing trees, fallen crowns, mounds, or other fallen boles. Tree Damage Assessment: During the winter of 1990 to 1991, all 888 trees in the experimental area were relocated and classified into one of eight primary damage classes. Details of damage were recorded, and pits and mounds measured and mapped. Damage was also assessed for the 776 trees in the control plot. New damage occurring in subsequent years of the study was occasionally recorded. Details of this can be found in the tree damage metadata file. Leafout and Sprouting Assessment: In the experimental and control areas all trees were assessed in mid-summer for degree of crown survival and for presence (1991), numbers (1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2005), and location (basal, trunk, or branch) of sprouts. Trees with no leafout of residual crowns were designated as "dead" and any sprouts from these trees were counted as new individuals. At each tree determine a LEAFOUT class: L4 = mostly leafed out or more than 90% branches leafed out; L3 = more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out; L2 = less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out; L1 = only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or 1 large branch; less than 10% leafout. F = false, no leafing out. At each tree determine if sprouts are present for each SPROUT class: BASP = new growth (dating to damage) emerging from immediately below ground, from base or root collar; TRSP = new growth (epicormic shoots) from major stem; BRSP = new growth from branch (not just buds). For basal sprouts, count individual sprouts for individuals less than 15. For trees with sprouts greater or equal to 15, give a stem class with 15-24=15+, 25-34=25+, etc. Branch sprouts and trunk sprouts are generally only tallied for presence/absence because they are too difficult to count on standing trees. Count branch sprouts below the major crown only on standing undamaged trees. If there is unusually prolific sprouting please add to comments an estimate of abundance. In 1991, basal sprouts were not counted and only presence/absence is indicated. In 1992, trunk sprouts were counted in the same way as basal sprouts. Count leafed out sprouts originating after the manipulations only. Branch sprout assessment was discontinued after 1996. B. Sapling and sprout regeneration survey In the hurricane manipulation experiment, twenty-four 2-m x 5-m plots were randomly established on each of three transects running parallel to the long axis in the experimental area (~west to east) and on one transect running parallel to the long axis in the control, for a total of 96 plots. Individual saplings and sprouts were measured and tagged in these plots in 1990 (before the manipulation), 1991, 1993, 1996 and 1999. All stems greater than 0.3m total height were included in this survey. Previously tagged saplings and sprouts may exceed 5cm in diameter and should still be measured. Tags should be moved if they are girdling the tree and this damage to the tree should be noted. The 1999 sampling was the final measurement of regeneration; future work will focus on regeneration that has grown above a 5 cm dbh threshold (see methods in part D, below). For each stem, several variables are measured, and are described below: LOCATION. C = center of plot; E = eastern section of plot; EC = east central section of plot; N = northern section of plot; NC = north central section of plot; NE = northeastern section of plot; NW = northwestern section of plot; S = southern section of plot; SC = south central section of plot; SE = southeastern section of plot; SW = southwestern section of plot; W = western section of plot; WC = west central section of plot. Saplings/sprouts on the edge of the plot are labeled "" in the location column. SPECIES. The first two letters of the genus and species names of the tree are used. Black birch and yellow birch were lumped together until old enough to distinguish with certainty. AGE. If the age of a sapling or sprout cannot be determined (because of age, browsing, etc.), this will be noted in the comments and the age column will be left blank. Stems that are residual (present before the pulldown) are given an age of "R". Others are recorded as N91 (new in 91), N92 (new in 92), etc. Often the age determination was somewhat uncertain; in these cases the age is enclosed in brackets (e.g., [N91]). STEM TYPE. SAP = sapling; BASP = basal sprout; TRSP = trunk sprout; RTSP = root sprout; BRRT = rooted branch. HEIGHT. Height is the vertical distance from the ground to the highest leaf-tip. If a stem is taller than 3 m, height is measured to the nearest 0.5m (0.1m if possible), using a telescoping height pole. If less than 3m tall, measure height to nearest 0.1m, using a folding meter stick. If a stem originates from a mound, or in a pit, the height should be adjusted to be the distance to the GROUND (this may have to be estimated somewhat). In general, the height should measure the position in the canopy of the crown of the tree. STEM LENGTH. Stem length is length of the stem up to, but not including, the new growth. It is often different from the height, as stems are sometimes bent or originate above or below ground level. Stem length is recorded only for smaller stems. Diameters are taken with calipers at the point indicated with paint on the "old" stems when it can be relocated. If the old paint cannot be relocated, new spots are painted and it is noted in the comments section. To relocate an old bole diameter, we looked at 1993 data sheets and measured at one half of the 1993 stem length. Measurements are taken with the paint spot aligned between the forks of the calipers, showing on the open side where possible. Old spots were repainted. "New" stems were marked where measured. BASAL DIAMETER. Measure above basal swelling or 1cm from the ground, whichever is greater. (should be marked on tree). Recorded in cm. Some of these are becoming quite hard to reach as the trees grow. Diameter tape is sometimes easier to use. Any unusual basal swelling or scars are also noted in the comments. Some basal diameter markings are really buried and should be relocated and marked above ground. If a new basal diameter is marked, this is noted in the comments. BOLE DIAMETER. If a tree is less than 2m, measure half way up the stem length. If tree is more than 2 m, measure at 1.33m (dbh). Measure to nearest 0.1mm Recorded in cm. If we could not find paint from the previous years, we relocated the bole by taking half of the 1993 stem length (or height if no SL is noted). In comments, "new BOLE @____" was noted. DBH. Measure only if stem is longer than 2 m. Recorded in cm. If the last measurements for a stem were basal and bole diameters, but the stem is now long enough to get a DBH, we will take all three measurements. The height of DBH is measured from the base of the stem, not from the ground, even on trunk sprouts. This makes it too high to reach on many sprouts with an elevation. In deciding whether to give a stem a bole diameter or a dbh, refer to the previous year's data set. If the stem had a bole diameter and no dbh previously, but is now large enough for a dbh, both bole diameter and dbh should be recorded. If a bole diameter and a dbh were recorded previously, only a dbh is needed. If the basal diameter is inaccessible, both bole diameter and dbh should be recorded if possible. STEM OF ORIGIN. For sprouts and rooted branches only. Examples: SAP? for unidentified sapling , TR0820, or SAP0240 (Include PULLDAM in comments: type of damage to stem of origin: BENT, UPRT, CRSN, RTBR, TPSN, LEAN, STND) . We relied on the previous years designations of PULLDAM to stems of origin unless the damage clearly occurred since the pulldown. HEIGHT OF EMERGENCE. Location along originating stem from which sprouts emerge. RC= root collar, 0013 = 13 cm along bole, 2412 = 24 meters or 2412 cm along bole. BG = below ground. Measure from root crown (where bole connects to roots). For previously tagged trunk sprouts that are a long way from the base of the tree, we will rely on previous years' data. ELEVATION. Height from ground to the base of sprout or sapling (which is not necessarily the lowest point on the tree). For basal sprouts, this is 0, and for most saplings, this is also 0, but if a sapling is on mound or in a pit, it may have elevation. Measure in m, to the nearest 0.01m (cm). If the stem is growing in a pit, the elevation may be negative. For some TRSPs, elevation and height of emergence are equal (if the stem of origin is standing). For others, they may be different (if the stem of origin is bent, leaning, etc). Both elevation and height of emergence should be recorded where appropriate, even if they are equal. #SPROUTS. Number of sprouts in a clump (not always the number of sprouts on the tree). Only for sprouts. Clumps emerge from the same point on the root collar. SUBSTRATE. See the diagram for details. GR = ground; ST = stump; MT = mound top; RP = root plate; MO = mound; MB = mound base or mound edge; RO = rock; PT = pit; TR = tree; PE = pit edge. COMMENTS. Include damage, if there are multiple sprouts from same tree, browsing, and whether the stem is dead, down, broken, bent, leaning, buried, leader dead, new leader, or gone. In the data file, columns D1991, D1993, and D1996 record whether a stem is dead, living or gone in each of these years of measurement. If damage was detailed in previous years, it will not be repeated, likewise on shared stems (unless there are additional saplings/sprouts). New basal markings will be noted, as will new bole markings (and location of the new bole). Leaning stems were classified as follows in 1996 and 1999: Class 1 Lean = 0 - 44 degrees from vertical. Class 2 Lean = 45-90 degrees from vertical (including those "around 45 degrees" and those "around 90"). Class 3 Lean more than 90 degrees from vertical. C. Understory vegetation methods* Twenty-four 2-m x 5-m plots were randomly established on each of three transects running parallel to the long axis in the experimental area (~west to east) and on one transect running parallel to the long axis in the control, for a total of 96 plots. Composition and structure of understory vegetation were assessed before (1990) and after (1991, 1992, 1995, 2000, 2005) the experiment in the 96 plots described above (shrubs) and in 1-m2 plots nested within the 2-m x 5-m plots (herbs). Cover of shrub, herb, fern, graminoid and lycopod species was estimated and total cover of life-form categories (saplings, seedlings, shrubs more than 1 m, shrubs less than 1 m, ferns, herbs/graminoids, clubmoss, and moss) was tallied in the control and experimental areas in all four sampling years. Height of the tallest individual shrub for each species on each plot was also measured and cover of substrates (leaf litter, woody debris, rock, exposed level soil, pit, and mound) was estimated in broad cover classes (+ = less than 1%; 1 = less than 5%; 2 = 5-25%; 3 = 25-50%; 4 = 50-75%; 5 = more than 75%). Herbs: At each 1m2 subplot plot a circular plastic Delvin frame divided into 8 pie shaped divisions was centered around the center flag to facilitate judgments of cover percentages. The plot frame lies parallel to the ground (vertical on uproots). Cover is defined as the projection (on the ground within the sampling frame) of all above-ground portions of each species, whether that species individual is rooted within the plot or not. Cover estimates were made to the nearest 0.01 percent (for cover less than 0.15 or the nearest 0.1% for individual species; cover estimated only to the nearest 0.1% in 2000 and 2005). Plastic cutouts of known size were used to estimate cover. Fruits and large flowers were not included in cover estimates. Total subgroup cover was estimated for the following at each plot: 1) Seedlings less than 0.3 m tall; 2) Shrubs less than 1 m tall; 3) Herbs/graminoids; 4) Ferns; 5) Moss; 6) Clubmoss. Shrubs more than 1 m tall, saplings/sprouts more than 0.3 m but less than 5 cm dbh, and overhanging materials were given a cover class between 1 and 4 (1 = less than 16%; 2 = 17-49%; 3 = 50-83%; 4 = 84-100%). Substrates were also given a cover class in the following categories: 1) Leaf litter; 2) Disturbed soil on mound; 3) Bare (exposed) soil on flat ground; 4) Bare soil in pit; 5) Vertical intact ground on mound top; 6) Vertical exposed ground-organic soil; 7) Exposed rocks/stones; 8) Woody debris -- large boles, stumps, other fragments; 9) Tree base or exposed roots of live and dead trees. Substrates should add up to 100%. Shrubs: Cover of shrub species was estimated in the same way as herb species cover inside 10m2 rectangular plots (2m wide by 5m long). Maximum heights for each species present on each plot were taken in meters to the nearest 0.1m. Shrubs taller than 3m were recorded as greater than 3m. Debris and substrate were estimated in cover classes as follows: 5 = more than 75%; 4 = 50-75%; 3 = 25-50%, 2 = 5-25%; 1 = 1-5%; + = less than 1% for the following: prostrate branches and crowns up to 3 m high, boles, mound/pit complexes, large rocks more than 0.5m diameter, and tree stumps. For analysis purposes, these cover classes are translated to their cover range midpoint as follows: + = 0.5%; 1 = 3%; 2 = 15%; 3 = 38%; 4 = 63%; 5 = 88%. D. Recruitment survey The objective of this survey is to document recruitment of trees into the experimental and control sites at the hurricane manipulation site. Regeneration via seedlings, advance regeneration and sprouts has been studied in small (2x5m) plots along transects in these sites, but these plots are likely too small to capture the dynamics of stems growing into the more than 5cm diameter class. Therefore, a complete survey will be conducted. At this point, individual tracking and mapping of stems will not be done. This survey will allow us to track gross changes in species composition, density and basal area over time. Individuals in the new cohort may be tagged and mapped in the future. The first survey was done in summer 2000 and will be revisited on 3 year interval. Each 10m x 10m grid cell in the pulldown and control sites will be examined for live stems that have grown into the greater than 5cm dbh class since the original survey in 1989 or 1990. In the pulldown site, it may help to delineate the cell boundaries with a 50m tape. As new stems are encountered, record for each: grid cell number, species, diameter at breast height (1.37m), stem type (sapling or sprout), stem of origin if a sprout (e.g., sapling less than 5cm dbh, Tree #356), notes (such as forked stems, dead leader, basal sprouts, damage). Mark completed stems with railroad chalk or a logger's crayon so that we'll know it has been done. In 2000, we did not note whether the stem was growing on a mound or pit, but we will record this in future surveys. The following species are considered trees: Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Betula allegheniensis, B. lenta, B. papyrifera, Castanea dentata, Carya glabra, C. ovata, Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus Americana, Ostrya virginiana, Pinus strobus, Populus tremuloides, Prunus pensylvanica, P. serotina, Quercus rubra, Sorbus americana, and Tsuga canadensis. Species including Corylus sp., Amelanchier sp., Viburnum sp. are shrubs. Methodological details: (1) Live stems only. (2) Trunk sprouts are included if: a) on a prostrate bole, or b) are less than 1.37m up the stem of a standing/leaning/bent tree. (3) Bent or leaning stems counted if stem is more than 5cm at 1.37m from ground, not 1.37m along the stem. (4) Height to measure diameter is 1.37 from ground (for example, a tree growing on a mound or stump would be measured at 1.37m from level ground, not 1.37m up the stem). (5) Diameter measurements are to the nearest 0.1cm. (6) Some stems may have originated as sprouts, but if stem of origin cannot be seen, the stem will be noted as a sapling (e.g., most Castanea dentata look like saplings, but obviously are old basal sprouts. Use: This dataset is released to the public and may be freely downloaded. Please keep the designated Contact person informed of any plans to use the dataset. Consultation or collaboration with the original investigators is strongly encouraged. Publications and data products that make use of the dataset must include proper acknowledgement. For more information on LTER Network data access and use policies, please see: http://www.lternet.edu/data/netpolicy.html. Citation: Foster D, Barker Plotkin A. 1999. Simulated Hurricane Experiment - Vegetation Response. Harvard Forest Data Archive: HF002. Detailed Metadata hf002-01: trees in control plot TREE_NO: tree number SPEC: species name ACRU: Acer rubrum ACSA: Acer saccharum BEAL: Betula alleghaniensis BELE: Betula lenta BEPA: Betula papyrifera CAGL: Carya glabra CAOV: Carya ovata FRAM: Fraxinus americana PIST: Pinus strobus QURU: Quercus rubra TIAM: Tilia americana TSCA: Tsuga canadensis UNK: unknown X: cartesian coordinate identifying location within the plot along its 50 m axis (number ) Y: cartesian coordinate identifying location within the plot along its 120 m axis (number ) CAN90: canopy class D: dominant C: codominant I: intermediate S: suppressed (or lower stratum) ?: NA: most dead trees OLDBASP: basal sprouts F: tree had no basal sprouts before 1990 T: tree had basal sprouts before 1990 DBH90: diameter at breast height (1.37m) in 1990 (centimeter ) DBH96: diameter at breast height (1.37m) in 1996 (centimeter ) DBH00: diameter at breast height (1.37m) in 2000 (centimeter ) DBH05: diameter at breast height (1.37m) in 2005 (centimeter ) COND91: tree condition in 1991 D: dead L: living M: moribund DAM91: damage from natural causes (this is the control site) in 1991 BENT: bole deviates from a straight line CRSN: bole broken at more than 50% height LEAN: bole deviates from vertical RTBR: rootbreak: tree pulled up with roots but soil not significantly displaced SNAP: bole broken at less than 50% height STND: no notable damage UPRT: uproot: tree pulled up with roots creating mound BASP91: basal sprouts recorded in 1991 (number ) TRSP91: trunk sprouts recorded in 1991 (number ) COND92: tree condition in 1992 D: dead G: gone (could not re-locate stem, usually fallen dead tree) L: living M: moribund DAM92: damage from natural causes (this is the control site) in 1992 BENT: bole deviates from a straight line CRSN: bole broken at more than 50% height LEAN: bole deviates from vertical RTBR: rootbreak: tree pulled up with roots but soil not significantly displaced SNAP: bole broken at less than 50% height STND: no notable damage UPRT: uproot: tree pulled up with roots creating mound LEAF92: amount of crown leafing recorded for 1992 F: false, no leafing out L1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout L2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out L3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out L4: >90% crown leafed out BASP92: basal sprouts recorded in 1992 (number ) TRSP92: trunk sprouts recorded in 1992 0: no sprouts 1-15: actual number of sprouts with green leaves that have arisen from base of main stem since experiment began 19: 15-24 COND93: tree condition in 1993 D: dead G: gone (could not re-locate stem, usually fallen dead tree) L: living M: moribund NA: unknown DAM93: damage from natural causes (this is the control site) in 1993 BENT: bole deviates from a straight line CRSN: bole broken at more than 50% height LEAN: bole deviates from vertical RTBR: rootbreak: tree pulled up with roots but soil not significantly displaced SNAP: bole broken at less than 50% height STND: no notable damage UPRT: uproot: tree pulled up with roots creating mound LEAF93: amount of crown leafing recorded for 1993 F: false, no leafing out L1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout L2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out L3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out L4: >90% crown leafed out NA: unknown BASP93: basal sprouts recorded in 1993 0: no sprouts 1-15: actual number of sprouts with green leaves that have arisen from base of main stem since experiment began 19: 15-24 29: 25-34 39: 35-44 TRSP93: trunk sprouts. Number recorded in 1993 0: no sprouts 1-15: actual number of sprouts with green leaves that have arisen from base of main stem since experiment began 19: 15-24 29: 25-34 39: 35-44 DAM94: damage from natural causes (this is the control site) in 1994 BENT: bole deviates from a straight line CRSN: bole broken at more than 50% height DEAD: dead TPSN: snap of tip or top of leader LEAN: bole deviates from vertical MORB: moribund SNAP: bole broken at less than 50% height UPRT: uproot: tree pulled up with roots creating mound STND: no notable damage LEAF94: amount of crown leafing recorded for 1994 F: false, no leafing out L1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout L2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out L3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out L4: >90% crown leafed out BASP94: basal sprouts recorded in 1994 0: no sprouts 1-15: actual number of sprouts with green leaves that have arisen from base of main stem since experiment began 19: 15-24 TRSP94: trunk sprouts presence or absence recorded in 1994 F: absent T: present COND95: tree condition in 1995 D: dead G: gone (could not re-locate stem, usually fallen dead tree) L: living M: moribund DAM95: damage from natural causes (this is the control site) in 1995 BENT: bole deviates from a straight line CRSN: bole broken at more than 50% height LEAN: bole deviates from vertical SNAP: bole broken at less than 50% height TPSN: snap of tip or top of leader DEAD: dead STND: no notable damage LEAF95: amount of crown leafing recorded for 1995 F: false, no leafing out L1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout L2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out L3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out L4: >90% crown leafed out BASP95: basal sprouts recorded in 1995 (number ) TRSP95: trunk sprouts presence or absence recorded in 1995 F: absent T: present COND96: tree condition in 1996 D: dead L: living LEAF00: amount of crown leafing recorded for 2000 F: false, no leafing out L1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout L2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out L3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out L4: >90% crown leafed out BASP00: basal sprouts recorded in 2000 (number ) TRSP00: trunk sprouts presence or absence recorded in 2000 F: absent T: present LEAF05: amount of crown leafing recorded for 2005 F: false, no leafing out L1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout L2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out L3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out L4: >90% crown leafed out BASP05: basal sprouts recorded in 2005 (number ) TRSP05: trunk sprouts presence or absence recorded in 2005 F: absent T: present hf002-02: trees in experimental plot TREE_NO: tree number SPEC: species name ACRU: Acer rubrum ACSA: Acer saccharum BEAL: Betula alleghaniensis BELE: Betula lenta BEPA: Betula papyrifera CADE: Castanea dentata CAGL: Carya glabra CAOV: Carya ovata FAGR: Fagus grandifolia FRAM: Fraxinus americana OSVI: Ostrya virginiana PIST: Pinus strobus PRSE: Prunus serotina QURU: Quercus rubra X: cartesian coordinate identifying location within the plot along its 50 m axis (number ) Y: cartesian coordinate identifying location within the plot along its 160 m axis (number ) CAN90: canopy class C: codominant D: dominant I: intermediate S: suppressed (or lower stratum) NA: most dead trees DBH90: Diameter at breast height (1.37m) in 1990 (centimeter ) DBH96: Diameter at breast height (1.37m) in 1996. NA: not recrded. (centimeter ) DBH00: Diameter at breast height (1.37m) in 2000. NA: not recorded. (centimeter ) DBH05: diameter at breast height (1.37m) in 2005. NA: not recrded. (centimeter ) COND90: tree condition in 1990 D: dead L: living M: moribund DAM90: damage from the manipulation (1990) BENT: bole deviates from a straight line CRSN: bole broken at more than 50% height GONE: gone LEAN: bole deviates from vertical RTBR: rootbreak: tree pulled up with roots but soil not significantly displaced SNAP: bole broken at less than 50% height STND: standing: no notable damage STSN: stem snap: one tagged stem of a multiple-stemmed tree snapped TPSN: tip snap: tip of leader snapped, other parts of crown not damaged UPRT: uproot: tree pulled up with roots creating mound LEAF91: amount of crown leafing recorded for 1991, withered leaf rating F: false, no leafing out L1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout L1W1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout; only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout, and now withered and dead L1W2: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout ; less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out but now withered and dead L1W3: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout ; more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out, but now withered and dead L1W4: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout ; >90% crown leafed out but now withered and dead L2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out L2W1: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out; only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout, and now withered and dead L2W2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out; less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out but now withered and dead L3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out L3W1: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out : only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout, and now withered and dead L3W2: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out but now withered and dead L4: less than 90% crown leafed out L4W1: less than 90% crown leafed out : only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout, and now withered and dead W1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout, and now withered and dead W2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out but now withered and dead W3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out, but now withered and dead BASP91: basal sprouts presence or absence recorded in 1991 F: absent T: present TRSP91: trunk sprouts presence or absence recorded in 1991 F: absent T: present BRSP91: sprouts from major branches presence or absence recorded in 1991 F: absent T: present LEAF92: amount of crown leafing recorded for 1992, withered leaf rating F: false, no leafing out F?: false, no leafing out? L1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout L1W1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout ;only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout, and now withered and dead L2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out L2W1: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out; only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout, and now withered and dead L3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out L3W1: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout, and now withered and dead L4: less than 90% crown leafed out W1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout, and now withered and dead W4: >90% crown leafed out but now withered and dead BASP92: basal sprouts recorded in 1992 0: no sprouts 1-15: actual number of sprouts with green leaves that have arisen from base of main stem since experiment began 19: 15-24 29: 25-34 TRSP92: trunk sprouts recorded in 1992 0: no sprouts 1-15: actual number of sprouts with green leaves that have arisen from base of main stem since experiment began 19: 15-24 29: 25-34 39: 35-44 BRSP92: sprouts from major branches presence or absence recorded in 1992 F: absent T: present LEAF93: amount of crown leafing recorded for 1993 F: false, no leafing out L1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout L2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out L3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out L4: less than 90% crown leafed out BASP93: basal sprouts recorded in 1993 (number ) TRSP93: trunk sprouts recorded in 1993 (number ) BRSP93: sprouts from major branches presence or absence recorded in 1993 F: absent T: present DAM94: subsequent new damage (1994) BENT: bole deviates from a straight line CRSN: bole broken at more than 50% height LEAN: bole deviates from vertical MORB: moribund RTBR: rootbreak: tree pulled up with roots but soil not significantly displaced SNAP: bole broken at less than 50% height TPSN: tip snap: tip of leader snapped, other parts of crown not damaged UPRT: uproot: tree pulled up with roots creating mound NA: no subsequent new damage (1994) recorded LEAF94: amount of crown leafing recorded for 1994 F: false, no leafing out L1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout L2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out L3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out L4: less than 90% crown leafed out BASP94: basal sprouts recorded in 1994 (number ) TRSP94: trunk sprouts presence or absence recorded in 1994 F: absent T: present BRSP94: sprouts from major branches presence or absence recorded in 1994 F: absent T: present LEAF95: amount of crown leafing recorded for 1991 F: false, no leafing out L1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout L2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out L3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out L4: less than 90% crown leafed out BASP95: basal sprouts recorded in 1995 (number ) TRSP95: trunk sprouts presence or absence recorded in 1995 F: absent T: present BRSP95: sprouts from major branches presence or absence recorded in 1995 F: absent T: present LEAF96: amount of crown leafing recorded for 1991 F: false, no leafing out L1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout L2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out L3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out L4: less than 90% crown leafed out BASP96: basal sprouts recorded in 1996 (number ) TRSP96: trunk sprouts presence or absence recorded in 1996 F: absent T: present BRSP96: sprouts from major branches presence or absence recorded in 1996 F: absent T: present NA: not recorded LEAF97: amount of crown leafing recorded for 1997 F: false, no leafing out L1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout L2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out L3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out L4: less than 90% crown leafed out BASP97: basal sprouts recorded in 1997 (number ) TRSP97: trunk sprouts presence or absence recorded in 1997 F: absent T: present NA: not recorded LEAF00: amount of crown leafing recorded for 2000 F: false, no leafing out L1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout L2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out L3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out L4: less than 90% crown leafed out BASP00: basal sprouts recorded in 2000 (number ) TRSP00: trunk sprouts presence or absence recorded in 2000 F: absent T: present LEAF05: amount of crown leafing recorded for 2005 F: false, no leafing out L1: only a few leaves or small branches leafed out, or one large branch; less than10% leafout L2: less than 50% but more than a single branch leafed out L3: more than 50% but less than 90% leafed out L4: >90% crown leafed out BASP05: basal sprouts recorded in 2005 (number ) TRSP05: trunk sprouts presence absence recrded in 2005 F: absent T: present NOTES05: Notes 2005 hf002-03: tree damage TREE_NO: tree number SPEC: species name ACRU: Acer rubrum ACSA: Acer saccharum BEAL: Betula alleghaniensis BELE: Betula lenta BEPA: Betula papyrifera CADE: Castanea dentata CAGL: Carya glabra CAOV: Carya ovata FAGR: Fagus grandifolia FRAM: Fraxinus americana OSVI: Ostrya virginiana PIST: Pinus strobus PRSE: Prunus serotina QURU: Quercus rubra DAMAGE: Major category describing present state of tree. Includes preexisting damage if no new damage so we can follow chronic damage to trees in the site. BENT: bole deviates from a straight line CRSN: bole broken at more than 50% height GONE: cannot relocate the treE LEAN: bole deviates from vertical RTBR: rootbreak: tree pulled up with roots but soil not significantly displaced SNAP: bole broken at less than 50% height STND: standing: no notable damage STSN: stem snap: one tagged stem of a multiple-stemmed tree snapped TPSN: tip snap: tip of leader snapped, other parts of crown not damaged UPRT: uproot: tree pulled up with roots creating mound SEC_DAMAGE: minor/secondary damage BENT: if tree is bent in addition to snap or uproot CASC: gash or scar or scrape from cable pulling across tree CHSC: choker scar around tree diameter CRSN: bole broken at more than 50% height LEAN: if tree is leaning in addition to snap MASN: snap of major branch (branch originates from bole) where bole forks MISN: snap of minor branches or multiple stems less than 5 cm dbh or tips of trees NONE: none SHAT: if tree that was uprooted or snapped is also shattered into 3+ pieces TPSN: snap of tip or top of leader TRSC: gash, scar or scrape from falling tree CAUSE: cause of damage D: all trees with choker scares are directly pulled F: tree knocked over by another falling tree, even if the tree did not fall directly on the bole but tangled the canopy or somehow tore up the root mound, causing a fall M: stem pulled down because connected at base (multiple-stemmed tree) to stem actually pulled I: incidental, indirectly pulled down with root mat of another tree pulled O: pre-existing damage (should apply only to snaps, bends and leans) ?: cause unclear – used if a tree had a pink ribbon but no choker scar so we weren't sure if it was knocked over by other trees before being pulled or if the choker didn't dig into the bark ORIENT_MAG: orientation in nearest degrees (number ) BOLE_ELEV: height above ground at dbh of the elevated bole for uproots and snaps (meter ) SNAP_HT: snap height (meter ) ROT: evidence of rot FALSE: no evidence of rot TRUE: evidence of rot BEND_HT: bend in stem (meter ) HT_LENGTH: length of prostrate stem (meter ) MOUND_NO: mound number MOUND_WDTH: the long axis of a mound (meter ) MOUND_HT: highest point of mound, not including bare roots extending beyond mound, measured perpendicular to intact ground (meter ) MOUND_THCK: thickness of mound or roots exposed (meter ) UPRT_ANG: uproot angle given as degrees deviating from vertical using a clinometer on Suunto compass (number ) NO_STEMS: number of stems (tagged trees only) on the tipup mound (number ) PIT_DPTH: pit depth (meter ) PIT_WDTH: pit width (meter ) PIT_THCK: pit thickness (meter ) COMMENTS: comments MOUND_WDTH_05: the long axis of a mound for a subset of 100 pit-mounds remeasured in 2005 (meter ) MOUND_HT_05: highest point of mound, not including bare roots extending beyond mound, measured perpendicular to intact ground from 100 pit-mounds remeasured in 2005 (meter ) MOUND_THICK_05: thickness of mound or roots exposed from 100 pit-mounds remeasured in 2005 (meter ) PIT_DPTH_05: pit depth from 100 pit-mounds remeasured in 2005 (meter ) PIT_WDTH_05: pit width from 100 pit-mounds remeasured in 2005 (meter ) PIT_THCK_05: pit thickness from 100 pit-mounds remeasured in 2005 (meter ) SAPMDPT_05: number of tree saplings (>30cm tall) on pit-mound in 2005 (number ) hf002-04: tree regeneration GRID: grid location TSIBD: located in pulldown site TSICT: located in control site PLOT: plot location TRANS: transect ST_NO: sapling and sprout number (number ) YEAR: year of measurement (YYYY) LOC: location within plot C: center of plot E: eastern section of plot E: eastern section of plot, edge of plot EC: east central section of plot EC: east central section of plot, edge of plot N: northern section of plot N: northern section of plot, edge of plot NC: north central section of plot NC: north central section of plot, edge of plot NE: northeastern section of plot NE: northeastern section of plot, edge of plot NW: northwestern section of plot NW: northwestern section of plot, edge of plot S: southern section of plot S: southern section of plot, edge of plot SC: south central section of plot SC: south central section of plot, edge of plot SW: southwestern section of plot SW: southwestern section of plot, edge of plot W: western section of plot W: western section of plot, edge of plot WC: west central section of plot WC: west central section of plot, edge of plot SPEC: species ACRU: Acer rubrum ACSA: Acer saccharum BEAL: Betula alleghaniensis BELE: Betula lenta BELE?: probabaly Betula lenta, but too small to be sure yet BEPA: Betula papyrifera BEPO: Betula populifolia BESP: either B. lenta or B. alleghaniensis, but too small to be sure yet CADE: Castanea dentata CAGL: Carya glabra CAOV: Carya ovata COAL: Cornus alternifolia FAGR: Fagus grandifolia FRAM: Fraxinus americana OSVI: Ostrya virginiana PIST: Pinus strobus POTR: Populus tremuloides PRPE: Prunus pensylvanica PRSE: Prunus serotina QUAL: Quercus alba QURU: Quercus rubra SALIX?: Salix sp. SOAM: Sorbus americana TSCA: Tsuga canadensis AGE: total age of the sapling or sprout (not the year the stem reached >=0.3m) N90: seedling or sprout established in 1990 [N90]: probably established in 1990, but age cannot be determined with certainty N91: seedling or sprout established in 1991 [N91]: probably established in 1991, but age cannot be determined with certainty N92: seedling or sprout established in 1992 [N92]: probably established in 1992, but age cannot be determined with certainty N93: seedling or sprout established in 1993 [N93]: probably established in 1993, but age cannot be determined with certainty N94: seedling or sprout established in 1994 [N94]: probably established in 1994, but age cannot be determined with certainty N95: seedling or sprout established in 1995 [N95]: probably established in 1995, but age cannot be determined with certainty N96: seedling or sprout established in 1996 [N96]: probably established in 1996, but age cannot be determined with certainty N97: seedling or sprout established in 1997 [N97]: probably established in 1997, but age cannot be determined with certainty N98: seedling or sprout established in 1998 [N98]: probably established in 1998, but age cannot be determined with certainty N99: seedling or sprout established in 1999 [N99]: probably established in 1999, but age cannot be determined with certainty R: residual (present before 1990) [R]: probably residual, but age cannot be determined with certainty R-9: residual but overlooked in previous surveys [?]: cannot determine age TYPE: defines stems as saplings or different types of sprouts BASP: basal sprout BRRT: rooted branch RTSP: root sprout SAP: sapling SAP?: sapling? TRSP: trunk sprout HT: vertical distance from the ground to the highest leaf-tip (meter ) LENGTH: length of the stem up to, but not including, current year growth (meter ) BASALDIAM: stem diameter measured above basal swelling or 1cm from the ground, whichever is greater (centimeter ) BOLEDIAM: if a tree is less than 2m, measure half way up the stem length. If tree > 2 m, measure at 1.33m (dbh) (centimeter ) DBH: stem diameter at 1.33m (centimeter ) ORIGIN: for sprouts and rooted branches, this identifies the stem from which the sprout originates REGEN_TYPE: type of regeneration ADVREG: advance regeneration - stem present before the manipulation NEWSAP: tree germinated after the manipulation SEEDSPR: seedling sprout SPRSPR: sprout from an older sprout TREESPR: sprout from tree-sized (5cm diameter or greater) stem. Includes basal sprouts and trunk sprouts. ?: unknown EMERG: location along originating stem from which sprouts emerge RC: root collar BG: below ground ?: unknown #: distance (cm) from base along originating stem from which sprouts emerge ELEV: height from ground to the base of sprout or sapling (centimeter ) NOSPR: number of sprouts in a clump (not always the number of sprouts on the tree) (number ) SUBST: substate on which the stem is growing GR: ground GR?: ground? MB: mound base or mound edge MO: mound MT: mound top PE: pit edge PT: pit RO: rock RP: root plate ST: stump TR: tree PULLDAM: damage to the stem of origin (not the sprout itself) BENT: bole deviates from a straight line CRSN: bole broken at >50% height DEAD: stem of origin dead LEAN: bole deviates from vertical RTBR: rootbreak: tree pulled up with roots but soil not significantly displaced SNAP: bole broken at less than 50% height STND: no notable damage TPSN: tip of tree snapped above most of crown UPRT: uproot: tree pulled up with roots creating mound D1991: whether a stem is dead, living or gone F: false - the stem is living in 1991 G: gone - the stem cannot be relocated in 1991 T: true - the stem is dead in 1991 D1993: whether a stem is dead, living or gone F: false - the stem is living in 1993 G: gone - the stem cannot be relocated in 1993 T: true - the stem is dead in 1993 D1996: whether a stem is dead, living or gone F: false - the stem is living in 1996 G: gone - the stem cannot be relocated in 1996 T: true - the stem is dead in 1996 D1999: whether a stem is dead, living or gone F: false - the stem is living in 1999 G: gone - the stem cannot be relocated in 1999 T: true - the stem is dead in 1999 COMMENTS: comments hf002-05: shrubs* PLOT$: location by transect and plot. T1 - T4 refer to the transect location. T1 is furthest north, and T4 is furthest south. T1 - T3 are in the pulldown site; T4 is in the control site. P1 - P24 refer to plot number. Each transect has 24 plots, arranged from west to east. YEAR: year of measurement (YYYY) TRANSECT: location by transect. 1 - 4 refer to the transect location. Transect 1 is furthest north, and transect 4 is furthest south. Transects 1-3 are in the pulldown site; transect 4 is in the control site. AMECANCV: Amelanchier sp. cover (number ) AMECANHT: Amelanchier sp. height (meter ) BERTHUCV: Berberis thunbergii cover (number ) BERTHUHT: Berberis thunbergii height (meter ) CELORBCV: Celastrus orbiculatus cover (number ) CELORBHT: Celastrus orbiculatus height (meter ) CELSCACV: Celastrus scandens cover (number ) CELSCAHT: Celastrus scandens height (meter ) CORCONCV: Corylus cornuta cover (number ) CORCONHT: Corylus cornuta height (meter ) CRASPECV: Crataegus sp. cover (number ) CRASPEHT: Crataegus sp. height (meter ) DIELONCV: Diervilla lonicera cover (number ) DIELONHT: Diervilla lonicera height (meter ) GAUPROCV: Gaultheria procumbens cover (number ) GAUPROHT: Gaultheria procumbens height (meter ) ILEVERCV: Ilex verticillata cover (number ) ILEVERHT: Ilex verticillata height (meter ) KALLATCV: Kalmia latifolia cover (number ) KALLATHT: Kalmia latifolia height (meter ) LONCANCV: Lonicera canadensis cover (number ) LONCANHT: Lonicera canadensis height (meter ) LONMORCV: Lonicera morrowii cover (number ) LONMORHT: Lonicera morrowii height (meter ) MITREPCV: Mitchella repens cover (number ) MITREPHT: Mitchella repens height (meter ) RHONUDCV: Rhododendron nudiflorum cover (number ) RHONUDHT: Rhododendron nudiflorum height (meter ) RHURADCV: Rhus radicans cover (number ) RHURADHT: Rhus radicans height (meter ) RHUTYPCV: Rhus typhina cover (number ) RHUTYPHT: Rhus typhina height (meter ) RUBALLCV: Rubus allegheniensis cover (number ) RUBALLHT: Rubus allegheniensis height (meter ) RUBIDACV: Rubus idaeus cover (number ) RUBIDAHT: Rubus idaeus height (meter ) RUBHISCV: Rubus hispidus cover (number ) RUBHISHT: Rubus hispidus height (meter ) RUBODOCV: Rubus odoratus cover (number ) RUBODOHT: Rubus odoratus height (meter ) RUBCANCV: Rubus canadensis cover (number ) RUBCANHT: Rubus canadensis height (meter ) RUBSPECV: Unknown Rubus sp. cover (number ) RUBSPEHT: Unknown Rubus sp. height (meter ) ROSSPECV: Rosa sp. cover (number ) ROSSPEHT: Rosa sp. height (meter ) SAMPUBCV: Sambucus pubens cover (number ) SAMPUBHT: Sambucus pubens height (meter ) SMIHERCV: Smilax herbacea cover (number ) SMIHERHT: Smilax herbacea height (meter ) SORAMECV: Sorbus americana cover (number ) SORAMEHT: Sorbus americana height (meter ) VACANGCV: Vaccinium angustifolium cover (number ) VACANGHT: Vaccinium angustifolium height (meter ) VACCORCV: Vaccinium corymbosum cover (number ) VACCORHT: Vaccinium corymbosum height (meter ) VACCACV: Vaccinium angustifolium & corymbosum combined cover (number ) VACCAHT: Vaccinium angustifolium & corymbosum averaged height (meter ) VACSPECV: Vaccinium species cover (number ) VACSPEHT: Vaccinium species height (meter ) VACVACCV: Vaccinium vacillans cover (number ) VACVACHT: Vaccinium vacillans height (meter ) VACCMBCV: Vaccinium all species combined cover (number ) VACCMBHT: Vaccinium all species combined height (meter ) VIBACECV: Viburnum acerifolium cover (number ) VIBACEHT: Viburnum acerifolium height (meter ) VIBCASCV: Viburnum cassinoides cover (number ) VIBCASHT: Viburnum cassinoides height (meter ) VIBDENCV: Viburnum dentatum cover (number ) VIBDENHT: Viburnum dentatum height (meter ) VITSPECV: Vitis sp. cover (number ) VITSPEHT: Vitis sp. height (meter ) TREE: prostrate branches and crowns and boles together; in some years prostrate material and boles were measured individually and then added together (number ) MOUNDPIT: pit and mound (in 1995 and 2000 pits and mounds were estimated separately then added together) (number ) ROCK: rock (number ) STUMP: stump (number ) hf002-06: herbs PLOT$: location by transect and plot YEAR$: year of measurement (YYYY) TREAT: experimental or control plot 1: experimental site (transects 1-3) 4: control site (transect 4) LYCCLA: Lycopodium clavatum cover (number ) LYCLUC: Lycopodium lucidulum cover (number ) LYCOBS: Lycopodium obscurum cover (number ) ATHFEL: Athyrium felix-femina cover (number ) DENPUN: Dennstaedtia punctilobula cover (number ) DRYSPI: Dryopteris spinulosa (intermedia and carthusiana) cover (number ) ONOSEN: Onoclea sensibilis cover (number ) OSMCIN: Osmunda cinnamomea cover (number ) OSMCLA: Osmunda claytoniana cover (number ) PTRAQU: Pteridium aquilinum cover (number ) THENOV: Thelypteris nova-boracensis cover (number ) THEPAL: Thelypteris palustris cover (number ) AMPBRA: Amphicarpa bracteata cover (number ) ANEQUI: Anemone quinquefolia cover (number ) APOAND: Apocynum androsaemifolim cover (number ) ARANUD: Aralia nudicaulis cover (number ) ARIATR: Arisaema atrorubens cover (number ) ASTACU: Aster acuminatus cover (number ) ASTDIV: Aster divaricatus cover (number ) AQUCAN: Aquilegia canadensis cover (number ) CIRALT: Cirsium sp. cover (number ) CLIBOR: Clintonia borealis cover (number ) EPISPE: Epilobium sp.(coloratum/ciliatum) cover (number ) EREHIE: Erechtites hieracifolia cover (number ) EUPSPE: Eupatorium sp. cover (number ) GOOPUB: Goodyera pubescens cover (number ) HOUCAE: Houstonia caerulea cover (number ) HYDAME: Hydrocotyle americana cover (number ) HYPPUN: Hypericum punctatum cover (number ) LOBINF: Lobelia inflata cover (number ) LYSQUA: Lysimachia quadrifolia cover (number ) MAICAN: Maianthemum canadense cover (number ) MEDVIR: Medeola virginiana cover (number ) MONUNI: Monotropa uniflora cover (number ) POLPUB: Polygonatum pubescens cover (number ) POTSIM: Potentilla simplex cover (number ) PRESPE: Prenanthes sp. cover (number ) SMIRAC: Smilacina racemosa cover (number ) SOLCAE: Solidago caesia cover (number ) SOLRUG: Solidago rugosa cover (number ) TRIBOR: Trientalis borealis cover (number ) UVUSES: Uvularia sessilifolia cover (number ) VIOBLA: Viola blanda cover (number ) VIOSPE: Viola sp. cover (number ) LUZMUL: Luzula multiflora cover (number ) JUNEFF: Juncus effusus cover (number ) BRAERE: Brachyelytrum erectum cover (number ) AGRSPE: Agrostis sp. cover (number ) DANSPI: Danthonia spicata cover (number ) FESRUB: Festuca rubra cover (number ) CARSPE: cover for all Carex species (number ) UNKHRB: unknown herb cover (number ) UNKGRA: unknown graminoid cover (number ) UNKFER: unknown fern cover (number ) SEEDLING: total cover seedlings less than 0.3 m tall (number ) SAPLINGS: total cover of saplings/sprouts >0.3m height but less than 5 cm dbh. Percent cover in 1990; cover class 1-4 used 1991-2005. Cover class translated as 1=7.5%; 2=33.0%; 3=76.0%; 4=91.5% (number ) SHRUBSLO: total cover of shrubs less than 1m in height (number ) SHRUBSHI: Total cover of shrubs>1m in height. Percent cover in 1990; cover class 1-4 used 1991-2005. Cover class translated as 1=7.5%; 2=33.0%; 3=76.0%; 4=91.5% (number ) HERB: total herb cover; combined with graminoids in 2000 and 2005 (number ) FERN: total fern cover (number ) GRAMIN: total graminoid cover (grass, sedge, rush); combined with herbs in 2000 and 2005 (number ) MOSS: total bryophyte (moss and liverwort) cover (number ) CLUBMOSS: total lycopod (clubmoss) cover (number ) LEAF: litter cover (number ) SOIL: bare (exposed) soil on flat ground (number ) PIT: bare soil in pit (number ) MOUND: combines vertical intact ground on mound top, disturbed soil on mound (number ) ROCK: exposed rocks/stones (number ) WOOD: woody debris (large downed boles, stumps, other woody fragments) (number ) OVRROOT: overhanging roots or rootplates 0: 0 1: 7.5% 3: 76.0% OVRBRNC: overhanging branches from displaced trees and saplings 0: 0 1: 7.5% 2: 33.0% 3: 76.0% 4: 91.5% OVRBOLE: overhanging boles 0: 0 1: 7.5% 2: 33.0% 3: 76.0% OVRDEB: suspended woody debris overhanging the plot 0: 0 1: 7.5% OVRVEG: vegetation overhanging the plot other than vegetation already counted as cover 0: 0 1: 7.5% 2: 33.0% 3: 76.0% 4: 91.5% HERBGRAM: sum of Herb cover and Graminoid cover (number ) hf002-07: recruitment Year: year (YYYY) Plot: plot CONTROL: control PULLDOWN: pulldown (experimental) Gridcell: location within 10m x 10m grid cell in the experimental (160m x 50m) or control (120m x 50m) plot Species: species names ACPE: Acer pensylvanicum ACRU: Acer rubrum ACSA: Acer saccharum BEAL: Betula alleghaniensis BELE: Betula lenta BEPA: Betula papyrifera CADE: Castanea dentata CAGL: Carya glabra CAOV: Carya ovata CASP: Carya spp. COAL: Cornus alternifolia FAGR: Fagus grandifolia FRAM: Fraxinus americana OSVI: Ostrya virginiana PIST: Pinus strobus POGR: Papulus garndidentata POTR: Populus tremuloides PRPE: Prunus pensylvanica PRSE: Prunus serotina QURU: Quercus rubra SOAM: Sorbus americana TSCA: Tsuga canadensis Dbh: diameter at breast height (1.37) (centimeter ) St_type: stem type, categorized by regeneration method BASP: basal sprout SAP: sapling regenerated from seed (could be present before the manipulation or germinated after the manipulation) TRSP: trunk sprout St_origin: for basal sprouts and trunk sprouts, the tree from which it has sprouted Substrate: Not recorded in 2000, this notes the substrate from which the stem emerges. Basal sprouts and trunk sprouts listed as having TR (tree) as their substrate. G: ground L: log MB: mound base MO: mound MT: mound top PE: pit edge PT: pit R: rock ST: stump TR: tree Notes: descriptive information about whether the tree is multi-stemmed, is growing on a mound/pit (for 2000, not noted in all cases), or other comments hf002-08: control plot notes TREES - CONTROL PLOT: tree number COMMENTS: comments hf002-09: experimental plot notes TREE_NO: tree number YEAR: year of measurement (YYYY) NOTES: notes hf002-10: damage notes TREE_NO: tree number COMMENTS: comments hf002-11: regeneration notes GRID: location TSIBD: located in pulldown site TSICT: located in control site ST_NO: identifier. Every sapling and sprout is tagged in the field with its number. Tags are removed from dead saplings and sprouts, but numbers are not re-used. In 1996, new saplings were assigned numbers in the 3000s, new sprouts were assigned numbers in the 6000s; in 1999, new saplings were assigned numbers in the 4000s, new sprouts were assigned numbers in the 7000s. YEAR: year of measurement (YYYY) COMMENTS: comments
Home \| Research \| Information Resources \| Publications \| Professional & Education Opportunities \| Staff & Contacts \| Site Map & Search @2008 The President and Fellows of Harvard College Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Harvard University Questions and comments e-mail – hfweb@fas.harvard.edu