Professional and Education Opportunities

Harvard Forest Long Term Ecological Research Program

The Harvard Forest Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) program is one of a national network of long-term ecological research sites. The Harvard Forest LTER program examines ecological dynamics in the New England region resulting from natural disturbances, environmental change, and human impacts. Emphasis is on processes including:

wind and fire
past climate change
land-use and land cover dynamics
atmospheric pollution, especially nitrogen deposition and ozone
projected increases in global temperature
land management, land policy and conservation

An interdisciplinary group of scientists from many parts of Harvard and other institutions use three complementary approaches to long-term study:

historical studies of past conditions and dynamics
intensive measurements of current structure and function
measurements of integrated ecosystem response to experimental manipulations under relatively controlled conditions

Studies span a broad range of spatial and temporal scales and seek to:

develop information
train new researchers
educate the public
develop databases with broad relevance to fundamental ecological issues
provide strong application to societally relevant environmental concerns

LTER related research include:

LTER Proposals

Selected Publications

Malizia*, N. R., G. Motzkin, and D. R. Foster. 2005. Assessing progress and prioritizing future steps in the conservation of a forested landscape in New England. Conservation Biology (In prep.).

Aitkenhead-Peterson, J. A., G. M. Bernston, W. H. McDowell, and J. D. Aber. 2005. Chronic carbon and nitrogen manipulation:effect on the relationships between soil C:N, soil respiration and soil solutation DOC in temperate forests. Soil Biology and Biochemistry (Accepted).

Wofsy, S. 2004. The Harvard Forest and understanding the global carbon budget. Pp. 380-393 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Wender*, N. J., C. R. Polisetty, and K. Donohue. 2004. Not simply gone with the wind: A functional analysis of seed dispersal and its plasticity in Arabidopsis thaliana. American Journal of Botany (submitted).

Von Holle, B., K. A. Joseph*, R. G. Lohnes*, and E. F. Largay*. 2004. Facilitations between the introduced nitrogen-fixing tree, Robinia pseudoacacia, and nonnative plant species in the glacial outwash upland ecosystem of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Biodiversity and Conservation (submitted).

Venterea, R. T., P.M. Groffman, L.V. Verchot, A.H. Magill, and J.D. Aber. 2004. Gross nitrogen process rates in temperate forest soils exhibiting symptoms of nitrogen saturation. Forest Ecology and Management 196: 129-142.

Turner, B. L., J. Geoghegan, and D. R. Foster. (Eds) 2004. Integrated Land Change Science and Tropical Deforestation in Southern Yucatán: Final Frontiers. Oxford University Press, New York.

Turner, B. L., D. R. Foster, and J. Geoghegan. 2004. Three Frontiers of the Southern Yucatán Peninsular Region and SYPR Project. Pp. 1-19 In B. L. Turner, J. Geoghegan, and D. R. Foster (Eds.), Integrated Land Change Science and Tropical Deforestation in Southern Yucatán: Final Frontiers. Oxford University Press., New York.

Stinson, K. A., J. Petzold*, J. Tran, and F. A. Bazazz. 2004. Elevated CO₂reduces light competition in stands of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia). Global Change Biology (In Prep.).

Stinson, K. A., S. Kaufman, L. Durbin*, and F. Lowenstein. 2004. Responses of a New England forest community to increasing levels of invasion by garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata). Biological Invasion (submitted).

Sodhi, N. S., L.H. Liow, and F.A. Bazzaz. 2004. Avian extinctions from tropical and subtropical forests. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 35: 323-345.

Sack, L., C. M. Streeter*, and N. M. Holbrook. 2004. Hydraulic analysis of water flow through leaves of sugar maple and red oak. Plant Physiology 134: 1824.

Sack, L., P. D. Cowan*, N. S. Jaikumar, and N. M. Holbrook. 2004. The 'hydrology' of leaves: coordination of structure and function in temperate woody species. Plant, Cell and Environment (In press).

Pérez-Salicrup, D. 2004. Forest Types and their Implications. Pp. 63-80 In B. L. Turner, J. Geoghegan, and D. R. Foster (Eds.), Integrated Land Change Science and Tropical Deforestation in Southern Yucatán: Final Frontiers. Oxford University Press, New York.

Putz, F. 2004. Hope and the Hemlock. Sanctuary 43: 10-11.

Orians, C. M., S. D. P. Smith*, and L. Sack. 2004. How are leaves plumbed in a branch? The sectoriality of xylem hydraulics in six temperate tree species. Journal of Experimental Botany (submitted).

Nadelhoffer, K. J., B. P. Colman, W. S. Currie, A. H. Magill, and J. D. Aber. 2004. Decadal scale fates of ¹⁵N tracers added to oak and pine stands under ambient and elevated N inputs at the Harvard Forest (USA). Forest Ecology and Management 196: 89-107.

Nadelhoffer, K. J., R. D. Boone, R. D. Bowden, J. D. Canary, J. Kaye, P. Micks, A. Ricca, W. H. McDowell, and J. Aitkenhead. 2004. The DIRT experiment: litter and root influences on forest soil organic matter stocks and function. Pp. 300-315 In D. R. Foster and J. D. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England . Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Munger, W., C. Barford, and C. Wofsy. 2004. Exchanges between the forest and atmosphere. Pp. 202-233 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Motzkin, G., D. Foster, A. Allen, K. Donohue, and P. Wilson. 2004. Forest landscape patterns, structure and composition. Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Motzkin, G. and D. Foster. 2004. Insights for ecology and conservation. In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Min, Q. and B. Lin. 2004. Microwave land surface emissivities over Harvard Forest during the growing season of 1998. Journal of Geophysical Research (In Press).

Min, Q., E. Joseph, and M. Duan. 2004. Retrievals of thin cloud optical depth from a multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer. Journal of Geophysical Research (In Press).

Min, Q. 2004. Impacts of aerosols and clouds on CO₂uptake over Harvard Forest. Journal of Geophysical Research (In Press).

Micks, P., M. R. Downs, A. H. Magill, K. J. Nadelhoffer, and J. D. Aber. 2004. Decomposing litter as a sink for ¹⁵N-enriched additions to an oak forest and a red pine plantation. Forest Ecology and Management 196: 71-87.

Micks, P., J. D. Aber, R. D. Boone, and E. A. Davidson. 2004. Short-term soil respiration and nitrogen immobiliation response to nitrogen applications in control and nitrogen-enriched temperate forests. Forest Ecology and Management 196: 57-70.

Melillo, J. M., P. A. Steudler, J. D. Aber, K. Newkirk, H. Lux, F. P. Bowles, C. Catricala, A. Magill, T. Ahrens, S. Morrisseau, E. Burrows, and K. Nadelhoffer. 2004. Soil warming - a major consequence of global climate change. Pp. 280-295 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

McLachlan, J., D. Foster, S. Clayden, and S. Barry. 2004. Long-term forest and landscape dynamics. Pp. 125-141 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

McDowell, W. H., A. Magill, J. A. Aikenhead-Peterson, J. D. Aber, J. L. Merriam, and S. S. Kaushal. 2004. Effects of chronic nitogen amendment on dissolved organic matter and inorganic nitrogen soil solution. Forest Ecology and Management 196: 29-41.

Magill, A. H., J. D. Aber, W. S. Currie, K. J. Nadelhoffer, M. E. Martin, W. H. McDowell, J. M. Melillo, and P. Steudler. 2004. Ecosystem Response to 15 years of Chronic Nitrogen Additions at the Harvard Forest LTER, Massachusetts, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 196: 7-28.

Lindenmayer, D. B., D. R. Foster, J. F. Franklin, M. L. Hunter, R. F. Noss, F. A. Schmiegelow, and Perry. 2004. Salvage Harvesting Policies after Natural Disturbance. Science 303: 1303.

Lawrence, D. and D. R. Foster. 2004. Recovery of Nutrient Cycling and Ecosystem Properties Following Swidden Cultivation: Regional and Stand-Level Constraints. In B. L. Turner, J. Geoghegan, and D. R. Foster (Eds.), Integrated Land Change Science and Tropical Deforestation in Southern Yucatán: Final Frontiers. Oxford University Press, New York.

Horii, C. V., S. C. Munger, S. C. Wofsy, M. Zahniser, D. Nelson, and J. B. McManus. 2004. Fluxes of Nitrogen Oxides over a Temperate Deciduous Forest. Journal of Geophys. Res. 109.

Harvard Forest Summer Student Research Assistants. 2004. Abstracts from the 12th Annual Harvard Forest Summer Research Program 19 August 2004.

Harvard Forest Long Term Ecological Research Program. 2004. Abstracts from the 15th Annual Harvard Forest Ecology Symposium 29 March 2004. Harvard Forest.

Gotelli, N. J. and A. M. Ellison. (2004. A Primer of Ecological Statistics. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.

George, L. and F. A. Bazzaz. 2004. The herbaceous layer as a filter determining spatial patterns in forest regeneration. In K. Jensen (Eds.), Oxford University Press, U. K. (In Press).

Fuller, J., D. R. Foster, G. Motzkin, J. McLachlan, and S. Barry. 2004. Broad-scale forest response to land-use and climate change. Pp. 101-124 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Frey, S. D., M. Knorr, J. L. Parrent, and R. T. Simpson. 2004. Chronic nitrogen enrichment affects the structure and function of the soil microbial community in temperate hardwood and pine forests. Forest Ecology and Management 196: 159-171.

Foster, D. R. and B. L. Turner. 2004. The Long View: Human--Environment Relationships, 1000 BC--AD 1900. Pp. 23-37 In B. L. Turner, J. Geoghegan, and D. R. Foster (Eds.), Integrated Land Change Science and Tropical Deforestation in Southern Yucatán: Final Frontiers. Oxford University Press, New York.

Foster, D., G. Motzkin, J. O'Keefe, E. Boose, D. Orwig, J. Fuller, and B. Hall. 2004. The environmental and human history of New England. Pp. 43-100 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Foster, D., S. Cooper-Ellis, A. Barker Plotkin, G. Carlton, R. Bowden, A. Magill, and J. Aber. 2004. Simulating a catastropic hurricane. Pp. 235-258 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Foster, D., J. Aber, R. Bowden, J. Melillo, and F. Bazzaz. 2004. Comparison between physical disturbance and novel stresses. Pp. 296-299 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Foster, D. and J. Aber. 2004. The Physical and Biological Setting for Ecological Research. Pp. 19-31 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Foster, D. and J. Aber. 2004. Overviews of the experiments and approaches. In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Foster, D. and J. Aber. (Eds) 2004. Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England . Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Foster, D. and J. Aber. 2004. Background and framework for long -term ecological research. Pp. 3-18 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Finley*, A. O., D. B. Kittredge, T. H. Stevens, and C. M. D. D. Schweik. 2004. Possibilities for cross-boundary cooperation in a landcape dominated by private ownership: a case study from Massachusetts. Forest Science (submitted).

Finley*, A. O. and D. B. Kittredge. 2004. Private forest landowner values, stewardship-based programs, and behaviors: a case study from Massachusetts. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry (submitted).

Ellison, A. M. 2004. Wetlands of Central America. Wetlands Ecology and management 12: 3-55.

Donohue, K., A. C. Warneka, and J. Dickey. 2004. Identifying mechanisms of seasonal cueing of germination using Arabidopsis mutants. Heredity (In Review).

Donohue, K., C. R. Polisetty, and N. J. Wender*. 2004. Genetic consequences of niche construction: Plasticity-mediated genetic constraints on the evolution of dispersal of Arabidopsis thalinia. The American Naturalist (submitted).

Donohue, K. 2004. Density-dependent multilevel selection in the Great Lakes sea rocket. Ecology 85: 180-191.

DeBell, L. J., R. W. Talbot, J. E. Dibb, J. W. Munger, E. V. Fischer, and S. E. Frolking . 2004. A major regional air pollution event in the northeastern U.S. caused by extensive forest fires in Quebec, Canada. J. Geophys. Res. (In press).

Currie, W. S., K. J. Nadelhoffer, and J. D. Aber. 2004. Redistributions of ¹⁵N highlight turnover and replishment of mineral soil organic N as a long-term control on forest C balance. Forest Ecology and Management 196: 109-127.

Compton, J. E., L. S. Watrud, L. A. Porteous, and S. DeGrood*. 2004. Response of Soil Microbial Biomass and Community Composition to Chronic Nitrogen Additions at Harvard Forest. Forest Ecology and Management 196: 143-158.

Compton, J. and R. Boone. 2004. Land-use legacies on soil properties and nutrients. Pp. 189-201 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Chowdhury, R. R., L. Schneider, with Y. Ogneva-Himmelberger, P. Marcario Mendoza, S. C. Villar, and A. Barker-Plotkin. 2004. Land Cover and Land Use: Classification and Change Analysis. In B. L. Turner, J. Geoghegan, and D. R. Foster (Eds.), Integrated Land Change Science and Tropical Deforestation in Southern Yucatán: Final Frontiers. Oxford University Press, New York.

Cavender-Bares, J., F. A. Bazzaz, and K. A. Stinson. 2004. Terrestrial photosynthesis: the ecological viewpoint. In Papageorgiou and Govindgee (Eds.), Chlorophyll Fluorescence: A Signature of Photosynthesis. Kluwer Academic Press, Germany (In Press).

Catovsky, S., R. Crabtree, T. Sipe, G. Carlton, S. Bassow, L. George, and F. A. Bazzaz. 2004. Experimental approaches to understanding forest regeneration. Pp. 316-337 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Butler, J., D. Atwater*, and A. Ellison. 2004. Northern pitcher plants: an unappreciated sink for red-spotted newt larvae? Northeastern Naturalist (submitted).

Bowden, R. D., E. Davidson, K. Savage, C. Arabia*, and P. Steudler. 2004. Chronic nitrogen additions reduce total soil respiration and microbial respiration in temperate forest soils at the Harvard Forest. Forest Ecology and Management 196: 3-56.

Boose, E. R., M. I. Serrano, and D. R. Foster. 2004. Landscape and regional impacts of hurricanes in Puerto Rico. Ecological Monographs 74: 335-352.

Boose, E. R. 2004. A historical-modeling method for reconstructing hurricane impacts. In R. Murnane and K. Liu (Eds.), Hurricanes and typhoons: Past, Present and Future. Columbia University Press, (In Press).

Bernardos, D., D. R. Foster, G. Motzkin, and J. Cardoza. 2004. Wildlife dynamics in the changing New England landscape. Pp. 142-168 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Bazzaz, F. A., K. A. Stinson, and G. A. Bauer. 2004. Predicting terrestrial feedback on the carbon cycle: suggestions for a research agenda. Global Change Biology (In Progress).

Bazzaz, F. A. and S. Catovsky. 2004. Initial conditions and the structure of annual plant communities. Journal of Ecology (In Press).

Bauer, G. A., F. A. Bazzaz, R. Minocha, S. Long, A. Magill, J. Aber, and G. M. Berntson. 2004. Effects of chronic N additions on tissue chemistry, photosynthetic capacity, and carbon sequestration potential of a red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) stand in the NE United States. Forest Ecology and Management 196: 173-186.

Barnes, D. H., S. C. Wofsy, B. P. Fehlau, E. W. Gottlieb, J. W. Elkins, G. S. Dutton, and P. C. Novelli. 2004. Hydrogen in the atmosphere: observations above a forest canopy in a polluted environment. Journal of Geophysical Research (In Press).

Bakwin, P. S., K. J. Davis, C. Yi , S. C. Wofsy, J. W. Munger, L. Haszpra, and Z. Barcza . 2004. Regional carbon dioxide fluxes from mixing ratio data. Tellus 56B: 301-311.

Aber, J. D. and A. H. Magill. 2004. Chronic Nigrogen Additions at the Harvard Forest: The First Fifteen Years of a Nitrogen Saturation Experiment. Forest Ecology and Management 196: 1-5.

Aber, J. D., A. Magill, K. J. Nadelhoffer, J. Melillo, P. Steudler, J. Hendricks, R. Bowden, W. Currie, W. McDowell, and G. Berntson. 2004. Exploring the process of nitrogen saturation. Pp. 259-279 In D. R. Foster and J. D. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Aber, J., W. Currie, M. Castro, M. Martin, and S. Ollinger. 2004. Synthesis and extrapolation: models, remote sensing and regional analysis. Pp. 338-362 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Aber, J. 2004. The long lens of history. Pp. 394-400 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Aber, J. 2004. Biogeochemistry: The Physiology of Ecosystems. Pp. 32-40 In D. Foster and J. Aber (Eds.), Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Verheyen, K., O. Honnay, G. Motzkin, M. Hermy, and D. R. Foster. 2003. Response of forest plant species to land-use change: a life-history trait-based approach. Journal of Ecology 91: 563-577.

Venterea, R. T., P. M. Groffman, L. V. Verchot, A. H. Magill, J. D. Aber, and P. A. Steudler. 2003. Nitrogen oxide gas emissions from temperate forest soils receiving long-term nitogen inputs. Global Change Biology 9: 346-357.

Savage, K. E. and E. A. Davidson. 2003. A comparison of manual and automated systems for soil CO₂ flux measurements: trade-offs between spatial and temporal resolution. Journal of Experimental Botany 54: 891-899.

Sack, L., P. D. Cowan*, and N. M. Holbrook. 2003. The major veins of mesomorphic leaves, revisited: a test of conductive overload in leaves of Acer saccharum (Aceraceae) and Quercus rubra (Fagaceae). American Journal of Botany 90: 32-39.

Read, L*., D. Lawrence, and D. R. Foster. 2003. Recovery of biomass following shifting cultivation in the Southern Yucatan. Ecological Applications 13: 85-97.

Read, L*. and D. Lawrence. 2003. Litter nutrient dynamics in secondary dry tropical forests of the Southern Yucatan. Ecosystems 6: 747-761.

Parshall, T., D. Foster, E. Faison, D. MacDonald, and B. C. S. Hansen. 2003. Long-term history of vegetation and fire in pitch pine-oak forests on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Ecology 84: 736-738.

Muth, C. C. and F. A. Bazzaz. 2003. Tree canopy displacement and neighborhood interactions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33: 1323-1330.

Melcher, P. J., M. A. Zwieniecki, and N. M. Holbrook. 2003. Vulnerability of xylem vessels to cavitation in Acer saccharum (Marsh.): scaling from individual vessels to whole branches. Plant Physiology 131: 1775-1780.

Kittredge, D. B., A. O. Finley*, and D. R. Foster. 2003. Timber harvesting as ongoing disturbance in a landscape of diverse ownership. Forest Ecology and Management 180: 425-442.

He, J. S. and F. A. Bazzaz. 2003. Density-dependent responses of reproductive allocation to elevated atmospheric CO2 in Phytolacca americana. New Phytologist 157: 229-239.

Harvard Forest Summer Student Research Assistants. 2003. Abstracts from the 11th Annual Harvard Forest Summer Research Program 13 August 2003.

Harvard Forest Long Term Ecological Research Program. 2003. Abstracts from the 14th Annual Harvard Forest Ecology Symposium 12 February 2003. Harvard Forest.

Gu, L. D., D. Baldocchi, S. C. Wofsy, J. W. Munger, J. J. Michalsky, S. P. Urbanski, and T. A. Boden. 2003. Response of a deciduous forest to the Mount Pinatubo eruption: Enhanced photosynthesis. Science 299: 2035-2038.

Foster, D. R., F. Swanson, J. Aber, I. Burke, N. Brokaw, D. Tilman, and A. Knapp. 2003. The Importance of Land-Use Legacies to Ecology and Conservation. BioScience 53: 77-88.

Foster, D. R. and G. Motzkin. 2003. Interpreting and conserving the openland habitats of coastal New England: insights from landscape history. Forest Ecology and Management 185: 127-150.

Ellison, A. M., N. J. Gotelli, J. S. Brewer, L. Cochran-Stafira, J. Kneitel, T. E. Miller, A. S. Worley, and R. Zamora. 2003. The evolutionary ecology of carnivorous plants. Advances in Ecological Research 33: 1-74.

Eberhardt, R., D. R. Foster, G. Motzkin, and B. Hall. 2003. Conservation of changing landscapes: vegetation, land-use history, and fire on Cape Cod National Seashore. Ecological Applications 13: 68-84.

Donohue, K. 2003. Setting the stage: phenotypic plasticity as habitat selection. International Journal of Plant Sciences (special issue) 164: S79-S92.

Donohue, K. 2003. The influence of neighbor relatedness on multilevel selection in the Great lakes sea rocket. The American Naturalist 162: 77-92.

Davidson, E. A., K. Savage, L. V. Verchot, and R. I. Navarro*. 2003. Minimizing artifacts and biases in chamber-based measurements of soil respiration. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 113: 21-37.

Currie, W. S. and K. J. Nadelhoffer. 2003. The imprint of land use history: patterns of carbon and nitrogen in downed woody debris at the Harvard Forest. Ecosystems 5: 446-460.

Currie, W. S. 2003. Relationships between carbon turnover and bioavailable energy fluxes in two temperate forest soils. Global Change Biology 9: 919-929.

Buckley, H. L., T. E. Miller, A. M. Ellison, and N. J. Gotelli. 2003. Reverse latitudinal trends in species richness of pitcher-plant food webs. Ecology Letters 6: 825-829.

Boose, E. R., D. R. Foster, A. Barker Plotkin, and B. Hall. 2003. Geographical and historical variation in hurricanes across the Yucatan Peninsula. Pp. 495-516 In A. Gómez-Pompa, M. F. Allen, S. L. Fedick, and J. J. Jiménez (Eds.), Lowland Maya Area: Three Millennia at the Human-Wildland Interface. Haworth Press, New York.

Boose, E. R. 2003. Hurricane impacts in New England and Puerto Rico. Pp. 25-42 In D. Greenland, G. Goodin, and R. C. Smith (Eds.), Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response at Long-term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, U.K.

Berg, B. and C. McClaugherty. (2003. Plant Litter: Decomposition, Humus Formation, Carbon Sequestration. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Barnes, D. H., S. C. Wofsy, B. P. Fehlau, E. W. Gottlieb, J. W. Elkins, G. S. Dutton, and S. A. Montzka. 2003. Urban/industrial pollution for the New York City-Washington D. C. corridor, 1996-1998: 2. A study of the efficacy of the Montreal Protocol and other regulatory measures. Journal of Geophysical Research 108.

Barnes, D. H., S. C. Wofsy, B. P. Fehlau, E. W. Gottlieb, J. W. Elkins, G. S. Dutton, and S. A. Montzka. 2003. Urban/industrial pollution for the New York City-Washington, D.C. corridor, 1996-1998: 1. Providing independent verification of CO and PCE emissions inventories. Journal of Geophysical Research 108.

Anderson, R. L., D. R. Foster, and G. Motzkin. 2003. Integrating lateral expansion into models of peatland development in temperate New England. Journal of Ecology 91: 68-76.

Woodcock, D. W. and A. D. Shier. 2002. Wood specific gravity and its radial variations: the many ways to make a tree. Trees 16: 437-443.

Wilson*, K. 2002. Lasting impacts of a catastrophic wind event: the 1938 Hurricane and thirty-two years of changing stand dynamics Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA. Senior Thesis, Middlebury College.

Wayne, P., B. S. Foster, J. Connolly, F. A. Bazzaz, and P. Epstein. 2002. Production of allergenic pollen by ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is increased in CO2-enriched atmospheres. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology 88: 279-282.

Tingley*, M., D. A. Orwig, R. Field, G. Motzkin, and D. R. Foster. 2002. Avian response to removal of a forest dominant: consequences of hemlock woolly adelgid infestations. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1505-1516.

Sack, L., P. J. Melcher, M. A. Zwieniecki, and N. M. Holbrook. 2002. The hydraulic conductance of the angiosperm leaf lamina: a comparison of three methods. Journal of Experimental Biology 53: 2177-2184.

Parshall, T. and Foster. D. 2002. Fire on the New England landscape: regional and temporal variation, cultural and environmental controls. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1305-1317.

Paillet, F. 2002. Chestnut: history and ecology of a transformed species. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1517-1530.

Orwig, D. A. and M. L. Kizlinski. 2002. Vegetation response following hemlock wooly adelgid infestation, hemlock decline, and hemlock salvage logging. In: Symposium on the Hemlock Wooly Adelgid in eastern North America proceedings. New Jersey Agricultural Experiement Station, New Brunswick, NJ.

Orwig, D. A., D. R. Foster, and D. L. Mausel*. 2002. Landscape patterns of hemlock decline in New England due to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1475-1487.

Orwig, D. A. 2002. Stand dynamics associated with chronic hemlock woolly adelgid infestations in southern new England. In: Symposium on the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in Eastern North America Proceedings. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Orwig, D. A. 2002. Ecosystem to regional impacts of introduced pests and pathogens: historical context, questions and issues. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1471-1474.

Ollinger, S. V., J. D. Aber, P. B. Reich, and R. Freuder. 2002. Interactive effects of nitrogen deposition, tropospheric ozone, elevated CO₂ and land use history on the carbon dynamics of northern hardwood forests. Global Change Biology 8: 545-562.

Muth, C. C. and F. A. Bazzaz. 2002. Tree seedling canopy responses to conflicting photosensory cues. Oecologia 132: 197-204.

Muth, C. C. and F. A. Bazzaz. 2002. Tree canopy displacement at forest gap edges. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32: 247-254.

Motzkin, G., D. A. Orwig, and D. R. Foster. 2002. Vegetation and disturbance history of a rare dwarf pitch pine community in western New England, USA. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1455-1467.

Motzkin, G., D. Orwig, and D. R. Foster. 2002. Historical development and vegetation dynamics of the ridgetop pitch pine community on Mt. Everett, Massachusetts. Harvard Forest Paper No. 25 .

Motzkin, G. and D. R. Foster. 2002. Grasslands, heathlands and shrublands in coastal New England: historical interpretations and approaches to conservatism. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1569-1590.

Motzkin, G., R. Eberhardt, B. Hall, D. Foster, J. Harrod, and D. MacDonald. 2002. Vegetation variation across Cape Cod, Massachusetts: environmental and historical determinants. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1439-1454.

Motzkin, G., S. C. Ciccarello, and D. R. Foster. 2002. Frost pockets on a level sand plain: does variation in microclimate help maintain persistent vegetation. patterns? Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 129: 154-163.

Melillo, J. M., P. A. Steudler, J. D. Aber, Newkirk K., H. Lux, F. P. Bowles, C. Catricala, A. Magill, T. Ahrens, and S. Morrisseau. 2002. Soil warming and carbon-cycle feedbacks to the climate system. Science 298: 2173-2176.

Lawrence, D. and D. Foster. 2002. Changes in forest biomass, litter dynamics and soils following shifting cultivation in southern Mexico: an overview. Interciencia 27: 400-408.

Kizlinski, M., D. A. Orwig, R. Cobb, and D. Foster. 2002. Direct and indirect ecosystem consequences of an invasive pest on forests dominated by eastern hemlock. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1489-1503.

Kizlinski, M. 2002. Vegetation and ecosystem response to eastern hemlock decline and logging: direct and indirect consequences of the hemlock woolly adelgid. MFS Thesis, Harvard University.

Johnson, T. C., E. T. Brown, J. McManus, S. Barry, P. Barker, and F. Gasse. 2002. A high-resolution paleoclimate record spanning the past 25,000 years in southern East Africa. Science 296: 113-132.

Holbrook, N. M., M. A. Zwieniecki, and P. J. Melcher. 2002. The dynamics of "dead" wood: maintenance of water transport through plant stems. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42: 492-496.

Hall, B., G. Motzkin, D. Foster, M. Syfert, and J. Burk. 2002. Three hundred years of forest and land-use change in Massachusetts, USA. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1319-1335.

Gotelli, N. J. and A. M. Ellison. 2002. Nitrogen deposition and extinction risk in the northern pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea. Ecology 83: 2758-2765.

Gotelli, N. J. and A. M. Ellison. 2002. Assembly rules for New England ant assemblages. Oikos 99: 591-599.

Gerhardt, F. and D. R. Foster. 2002. Physiographic and historical effects on forest vegetation in central New England, USA. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1421-1437.

Foster, D. R. 2002. Thoreau's country: a historical-ecological approach to conservation of the New England landscape. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1537-1555.

Foster, D. R. 2002. Insights from historical geography to ecology and conservation: lessons from the New England landscape. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1269-1275.

Foster, D. R. 2002. Conservation issues and approaches for dynamic cultural landscapes. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1533-1535.

Foster, D., G. Motzkin, D. Bernardos, and J. Cardoza. 2002. Wildlife dynamics in the changing New England landscape. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1337-1357.

Foster, D., B. Hall, S. Barry, S. Clayden, and T. Parshall. 2002. Cultural, environmental, and historical controls of vegetation patterns and the modern conservation setting on the island of Martha's Vineyard, U.S.A. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1381-1400.

Foster, D., S. Clayden, D. A. Orwig, B. Hall, and S. Barry. 2002. Oak, chestnut and fire: climatic and cultural controls of long-term forest dynamics in New England. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1359-1379.

Finley, A. O. 2002. Forest owner attitudes towards management at a multi-property scale. MS Thesis, University of Massachusetts.

Ellison, A. M., E. J. Farnsworth, and N. J. Gotelli. 2002. Ant diversity in pitcher-plant bogs of Massachusetts. Northeastern Naturalist 9: 267-284.

Donohue, K. 2002. Germination timing influences natural selection on life-history characters in Arabidopsis thaliana. Ecology 83: 1006-1016.

Curtis, P. S., P. J. Hanson, P. Bolstad, C. Barford, J. C. Randolph, H. P. Schmid, and K. B. Wilson. 2002. Biometric and eddy-covariance based estimates of annual carbon storage in five eastern North American deciduous forests. Agiculture and Forest Meteorology 113: 3-19.

Currie, W. S., K. J. Nadelhoffer, and B. Colman. 2002. Long-term movement of ¹⁵N tracers into fine woody debris under chronically elevated N inputs. Plant and Soil 238: 313-323.

Cogbill, C., J. Burk, and G. Motzkin. 2002. The forests of presettlement New England, USA: Spatial and compositional patterns based on town proprietor surveys. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1279-1304.

Cobb, R. C. and D. A. Orwig. 2002. Impact of hemlock woolly adelgid on decomposition: an overview. In: Symposium on the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in Eastern North America Proceedings. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Jersey.

Catovsky, S., N. M. Holbrook, and F. A. Bazzaz. 2002. Coupling whole-tree transpiration and canopy photosynthesis in coniferous and broad-leaved tree species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32: 295-309.

Catovsky, S. and F. A. Bazzaz. 2002. Plant competition in an elevated CO₂ world. Pp. 471-481 In H. A. Mooney and J. Canadell (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Global Change. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Chichester, England.

Catovsky, S. and F. A. Bazzaz. 2002. Nitrogen availability influences regeneration of coniferous and broad-leaved tree species in the understory seedling bank. Ecological Applications 12: 1056-1070.

Catovsky, S. and F. A. Bazzaz. 2002. Feedbacks between canopy composition and seedling regeneration in mixed conifer broad-leaved forests. Oikos 98: 403-420.

Berlik, M. M., D. B. Kittredge, and D. R. Foster. 2002. The illusion of preservation: a global environmental argument for the local production of natural resources. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1557-1568.

Berlik, M. M., D. B. Kittredge, and D. R. Foster. 2002. The illusion of preservation: a global environmental argument for the local production of natural resources. Harvard Forest Paper #26 .

Bellemare, J., G. Motzkin, and D. Foster. 2002. Legacies of the agricultural past in the forested present: an assessment of historical land-use effects on rich mesic forests. Journal of Biogeography 29: 1401-1420.

Bellemare, J. 2002. Environmental and historical controls on the distribution and variation of rich mesic forests in western Massachusetts. MFS Thesis, Harvard University.

Bazzaz, F. A. and S. Catovsky. 2002. Impacts of global change on plants: from cells to ecosystems. Pp. 94-111 In H. A. Mooney and J. Canadell (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., London.

Bain, W. 2002. Wind-induced systematic error in the closed dynamic chamber soil respiration measurement method. B.S. Honors Thesis, Harvard.

Aber, J. D. 2002. Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems: current theory, remaining questions and recent advances. Pp. 179-188 In Horst, W.J. et al (Eds.), Progress in Plant Nutrition: Plenary Lectures of the XIV International Plant Nutrition Colloquium. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

Zwieniecki, M. A., P. J. Melcher, and N. M. Holbrook. 2001. Hydrogel control of xylem hydraulic resistance. Science 291: 1059-1062.

Zwieniecki, M. A., P. J. Melcher, and N. M. Holbrook. 2001. Hydraulic properties of individual xylem vessels of Fraxinus americana. Journal of Experimental Botany 52: 257-264.

Wofsy, S. C. 2001. Where has all the carbon gone? Science 292: 2261-2263.

Turner, B. L. I., S. C. Villar, D. Foster, J. Geoghegan, E. Keys, P. Klepeis, D. Lawrence, P. M. Mendoza, S. Manson, Y. Ogneva-Himmelberger, A. B. Plotkin, D. P. Salicrup, R. R. Chowdhury, B. Savitsky, L. Schneider, B. Schmook, and C. Vance. 2001. Deforestation in the southern Yucatan peninsular region: an integrative approach. Forest Ecology and Management 154: 353-370.

Staebler, R. M., D. R. Fitzjarrald, M. Czikowsky, and R. K. Sakai. 2001. Nocturnal CO₂ fluxes and understory drainage flows. Eos. Trans. AGU 82 (47).

Smith*, N. V. 2001. Historic carbon sequestration in a hemlock-hardwood stand. Beloit Biologist 20: 54-59.

Sipe, T. W. and F. A. Bazzaz. 2001. Shoot damage effects on regeneration of maples (Acer) across an understory-gap microenvironmental gradient. Journal of Ecology 89: 761-773.

Savage, K. E. and E. A. Davidson. 2001. Interannual variation of soil respiration in two New England forests. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15: 337-350.

Sakai, R. K., D. R. Fitzjarrald, and K. E. Moore. 2001. Importance of low-frequency contributions to eddy fluxes observed over rough surfaces. J. Appl. Met. 40: 2178-2192.

Orwig, D. A., C. V. Cogbill, D. R. Foster, and J. F. O'Keefe. 2001. Variations in old-growth structure and definitions: forest dynamics on Wachusett Mountain, Massachusetts. Ecological Applications 11: 437-452.

McMurtrie, R. E., G. R. Shaver, G. Ågren, C. Field, R. Gifford, C. Körner, J. Melillo, W. Parton, L. Pitelka, J. Tenhunen, and G. Thompson. 2001. SCOPE workshop on CO₂ and climate change effects in plants and soils. Resource Interactions. John Wiley & Sons, (Report from working group 2).

Lawrence, D. and D. Foster. 2001. Determinants of regional variability in litter production of forests in the Southern Yucatan: environmental gradients or human legacy? EOS. Trans. AGU 82 (20), Spring Meeting Suppl.

Klosowski, R., T. Stevens, D. Kittredge, and D. Dennis. 2001. Economic incentives for coordinated management of forest land: a case study of southern New England. Forest Policy and Economics 2: 29-38.

Hurst, J. M., D. J. Barket, O. Herrera-Gomez, T. L. Couch, P. B. Shepson, I. Faloona, D. Tan, W. Brune, H. Westberg, B. Lamb, T. Biesenthal, V. Young, A. H. Goldstein, J. W. Munger, M. A. Carroll, and T. Thornberry. 2001. Investigation of the nighttime decay of isoprene. Journal of Geophysical Research 106: 335-24, 346.

Gaudinski, J. B., S. E. Trumbore, E. A. Davidson, and A. Richter. 2001. The age of fine-root carbon in three forests of the eastern United States measured by radiocarbon. Oecologia 129: 420-429.

Freedman, J. M., D. R. Fitzjarrald, K. E. Moore, and R. K. Sakai. 2001. Boundary layer clouds and vegetation-atmosphere feedbacks. J. Climate 14: 180-197.

Freedman, J. M. and D. R. Fitzjarrald. 2001. Postfrontal airmass modification. J. Hydromet 419-437.

Francis, D. R. and D. R. Foster. 2001. Response of small New England ponds to historic land use. The Holocene 11: 301-312.

Foster, D. R. 2001. New England's Forest Primeval. Wild Earth 11: 40-44.

Foster, D. R. 2001. Conservation lessons and challenges from ecological history. Forest History Today Fall 2000: 2-11.

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Eberhardt, R. 2001. Implications of land-use legacies in the sand plain vegetation of Cape Cod National Seashore. MFS Thesis, Harvard.

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Czikowsky, M. J. and D. R. Fitzjarrald. 2001. Seasonal and successional effects on streamflow in the northeast. Eos. Trans. AGU 82 (80).

Cavender-Bares, J. and N. M. Holbrook. 2001. Hydraulic properties and freezing-induced cavitation in sympatric evergreen and deciduous oaks with contrasting habitats. Plant, Cell and Environment 24: 1243-1256.

Boose, E. R., K. E. Chamberlin, and D. R. Foster. 2001. Landscape and regional impacts of hurricanes in New England. Ecological Monographs 7: 27-48.

Bliss, J., G. Aplet, C. Hartzell, P. Harwood, P. Jahnige, D. Kittredge, S. Lewandowski, and M. L. Soscia. 2001. Community-based Ecosystem Monitoring. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 12: 143-167.

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Yano, Y., W. H. McDowell, and J. D. Aber. 2000. Biodegradable dissolved organic carbon in forest soil solution and effects of chronic nitrogen deposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32: 1743-1751.

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Vitkay, K*. and D. Pérez-Salicrup. 2000. Effect of Sabal mexicana palms on Pteridium aquilinum invaded fields in the Southern Yucatan, Mexico. In: Joint Meeting Society of Study of Evolution, American Society of Naturalists, Society of Systematic Biologists and Association of Tropical Biology.

Vitkay, K. 2000. Ferns, palms, and forest succession in abandoned agricultural fields in the southern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology (notes) .

Stevens, T. H., R. Belkner, D. Dennis, D. Kittredge, and C. Willis. 2000. Comparison of contingent valuation and conjoint analysis in ecosystem management. Ecological Economics 32: 63-74.

Prinn, R., H. Jacoby, A. Sokolov, C. Wang, X. Xiao, Z. Yang, R. Eckaus, P. Stone, D. Ellerman, J. Melillo, J. Fitzmaurice, D. Kicklighter, G. Holian, and Y. Liu. 2000. Integrated global system model for climate policy assessment: Feedbacks and sensitivity studies. Climatic Change 41: 469-546.

Pregitzer, K. S., D. D. Reed, T. J. Bornhorst, D. R. Foster, G. D. Mroz, J. S. McLachlan, P. E. Laks, D. D. Stokke, P. E. Martin, and S. E. Brown. 2000. A buried spruce forest provides evidence at the stand and landscape scale for the effects of environment on vegetation at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary. Journal of Ecology 88: 45-53.

Orwig, D. A. and D. R. Foster. 2000. Stand, landscape and ecosystem analyses of hemlock woolly adelgid outbreaks in southern New England: an overview. Pp. 123-125 In K. A. McManus, K. S. Shields, and D. R. Souto (Eds.), Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America. USDA.

Orwig, D. A., R. C. Cobb, M. L. Kizlinski, S. J. Currie, and D. R. Foster. 2000. Ecosystem response to hemlock decline from hemlock woolly adelgid in southern New England. In: ESA.

Neill, C., M. C. Piccolo, J. M. Melillo, P. A. Steudler, and C. C. Cerri. 2000. Nitrogen dynamics in Amazon forest and pasture soils measured by ¹⁵N pool dilution. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 31: 567-572.

Nadelhoffer, K. J., R. D. Bowden, R. D. Boone, and K. Lajtha. 2000. Controls on forest soil organic matter development and dynamics: chronic litter manipulation as a potential international LTER activity. Pp. 3-9 In K. Lajtha and K. Vanderbilt (Eds.), Cooperation in Long Term Ecological Research in Central and Eastern Europe. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.

Minocha, R., S. Long, A. H. Magill, J. Aber, and W. H. McDowell. 2000. Foliar free polyamine and inorganic ion content in relation to soil and soil solution chemistry in two fertilized stands at the Harvard Forest. Plant and Soil 222: 119-137.

McLachlan, J., D. R. Foster, and F. Menalled. 2000. Anthropogenic ties to late-successional structure and composition in four New England hemlock stands. Ecology 81: 717-733.

McGuire, A. D., J. M. Melillo, J. T. Randerson, W. J. Parton, M. Heimann, R. A. Meier, J. S. Clein-Curley, D. W. Kicklighter, and W. Sauf. 2000. Modeling the effects of snowpack on heterotrophic respiration across northern temperate and high latitude regions: Comparison with measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide in high latitudes. Biogeochemistry 48: 91-114.

Martin, M. E. and J. D. Aber. 2000. Estimating forest canopy characteristics as inputs for models of forest carbon exchange by high spectral resolution remote sensing. Pp. 61-72 In H. Gholz (Eds.), The Use of Remote Sensing in the Modeling of Forest Productivity at Scales from the Stand to the Globe. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands .

Magill, A. H., J. D. Aber, G. M. Berntson, W. H. McDowell, K. J. Nadelhoffer, J. M. Melillo, and P. A. Steudler. 2000. Long-term nitrogen additions and nitrogen saturation in two temperate forests. Ecosystems 3: 238-253.

Magill, A. H. and J. D. Aber. 2000. Variation in soil net mineralization rates with dissolved organic carbon additions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32: 597-601.

Magill, A. H. and J. D. Aber. 2000. Dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen relationships in forest litter as affected by nitrogen deposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32: 603-613.

Mack, R. N., D. Simberloff, W. M. Lonsdale, H. Evans, M. Clout, and F. A. Bazzaz. 2000. Biotic invasions: causes epidemiology, global consequences and control. Ecological Applications 10: 689-710.

Mack, R. N., D. Simberloff, W. M. Lonsdale, H. Evans, M. Clout, and F. A. Bazzaz. 2000. Biotic invasions: causes epidemiology, global consequences and control. Issues in Ecology. Ecological Society of America 5: 2-20.

Lerdau, M. T., J. W. Munger, and D. J. Jacob. 2000. The NO₂ flux conundrum. Science 289: 2291.

Law, B. E., R. H. Waring, J. D. Aber, and P. M. Anthoni. 2000. Measurements of gross and net ecosystem productivity and water vapor exchange of a Pinus poderosa ecosystem and an evaluation of two generalized models. Global Change Biology 6: 155-168.

Laborde, A. 2000. The influence of stone walls on white-footed mice and red-back voles. Senior Thesis, Harvard.

Jenkins, J. C., D. W. Kicklighter, and J. D. Aber. 2000. Predicting the regional impacts of increased CO₂and climate change on forest productivity: a model comparison using PnET-II and TEM 4.0. Pp. 383-423 In R. Birdsey, J. Hom, and R. Mickler (Eds.), Responses of Northern Forests to Environmental Change. Springer-Verlag.

Hendricks, J. J., J. D. Aber, K. J. Nadelhoffer, and R. D. Hallett. 2000. Nitrogen controls on fine root substrate quality in temperate forest ecosystems. Ecosystems 3: 57-69.

Hadley, J. L. 2000. Understory microclimate and photosynthetic response of saplings in an old-growth eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.) forest. Ecoscience 7: 66-72.

Goodale, C. L., J. D. Aber, and W. H. McDowell. 2000. The long-term effects of disturbance on organic and inorganic nitrogen export in the White Mountains, New Hampshire. Ecosystems 3: 433-450.

Goodale, C. L. and J. D. Aber. 2000. The long-term effects of land-use history on nitrogen cycling in northern hardwood forests. Ecological Applications 11: 253-267.

Gaudinski, J. B., S. E. Trumbore, E. A. Davidson, and S. Zheng. 2000. Soil carbon cycling in a temperate forest: radiocarbon-based estimates of residence times, sequestration rates and partitioning of fluxes. Biogeochemistry 51: 33-69.

Foster, D. R. and J. O'Keefe. (Eds.) 2000. New England Forests Through Time: Insights from the Harvard Forest Dioramas. Harvard Forest and Harvard University Press, Petersham and Cambridge .

Foster, D. R. 2000. Using history to interpret current environmental conditions and future trends: an example from the US Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program. PAGES Newsletter 8: 23-25.

Foster, D. R. 2000. The primeval forests of New England. Sanctuary. 39: 9-12.

Foster, D. R. 2000. Linking the deep and recent past to the modern New England Landscape. Rhodora 102: 278-279.

Foster, D. R. 2000. Hemlock's future in the context of its history: an ecological perspective. In: Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America. USDA GRT-NE, Symposium Proceedings.

Foster, D. R. 2000. From bobolinks to bears: interjecting geographical history into ecological studies, environmental interpretation, and conservation planning. Journal of Biogeography 27: 27-30.

Esquivel, R. 2000. Presence of Hypsipyla grandella in plantations of Cedrela odorata and Swietenia macrophylla in Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology (notes) .

Donohue, K., D. R. Foster, and G. Motzkin. 2000. Effects of the past and the present on species distributions: land-use history and demography of wintergreen. Journal of Ecology 88: 303-316.

Compton, J. E. and R. Boone. 2000. Long-term impacts of agriculture on soil carbon and nitrogen in New England forests. Ecology 81: 2314-2330.

Cavender-Bares, J., M. Potts, E. Zacharias, and F. A. Bazzaz. 2000. Consequences of CO₂and light interactions for leaf phenology, growth, and senescence in Quercus rubra. Global Change Biology 6: 877-887.

Cavender Bares, J. and F. A. Bazzaz. 2000. Changes in drought response strategies with ontogeny in Quercus rubra: implications for scaling from seedlings to mature trees. Oecologia 124: 8-18.

Catovsky, S. and F. A. Bazzaz. 2000. The role of resource interactions and seedling regeneration in maintaining a positive feedback in hemlock stands. Journal of Ecology 88: 100-112.

Catovsky, S. and F. A. Bazzaz. 2000. Contributions of coniferous and broad-leaved species to mixed forest carbon uptake: A bottom-up approach. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30: 100-111.

Catovsky, S. 2000. Linking community dynamics and ecosystem function in mixed conifer broad-leaved forests. Ph.D Thesis, Harvard.

Bürgi, M., E. W. B. Russell, and G. Motzkin. 2000. Effects of postsettlement human activities on forest composition in the northeastern United States: a comparative approach. Journal of Biogeography 27: 1123-1128.

Bryant, A*. 2000. Sustainable forest management and forest certification on the Southern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Undergraduate Thesis, Oregon State University.

Blackman, R. 2000. The determination of the relationship between wood respiration and sapwood temperature in an old growth eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) stand. Senior Thesis, University of Edinburgh.

Berntson, G. M. and J. D. Aber. 2000. Fast nitrate immobilization in N-saturated temperate forest soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32: 151-156.

Bell, S. 2000. Microbial nitrogen utilization under nitrogen-saturation conditions in temperate forests. Senior Thesis, University of Oregon.

Barnes, D. H. 2000. Quantifying Urban/Industrial Emissions of Greenhouse and Ozone-depleting Gases Based on Atmospheric Observations. PhD Thesis, Harvard.

Aber, J. D. and R. Freuder. 2000. Sensitivity of a forest production model to variation in solar radiation data sets for the Eastern U.S. Climate Research 15: 33-43.

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Tian, H., J. M. Melillo, D. W. Kicklighter, A. D. McGuire, and J. Helfrich. 1999. The sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to historical climate variability and atmospheric CO₂ in the United States. Tellus 51B: 414-452.

Thomas, S. C., M. Jasienski, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1999. Early vs asymptotic growth responses of herbaceous plants to elevated CO₂. Ecology 80: 1552-1567.

Thomas, S. C. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1999. Asymptotic height as a predictor of photosynthetic characteristics in Malaysian Rain Forest trees. Ecology 80: 1607-1622.

Schmidt, L. 99. Exploration of possible feedback mechanism for carbon and nitrogen cycling in a forested ecosystem in response to artificial soil warming. Honors Thesis, Brown University.

Robertson, G. P., D. Wedin, P. M. Groffman, J. M. Blair, E. Holland, K. J. Nadelhoffer, and D. Harris. 1999. Soil carbon and nitrogen availability: nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and soil respiration potentials. Pp. 258-271 In G. P. Robertson, C. S. Bledsoe, D. C. Coleman, and P. Sollins (Eds.), Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research. Oxford University Press, New York.

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Rainey, S. M., K. J. Nadelhoffer, S. L. Silver, and M. R. Downs. 1999. Effects of chronic nitrogen additions on understory species abundance and nutrient content in a red pine plantation. Ecological Applications 9: 949-957.

Potosnak, M. J., S. C. Wofsy, A. S. Denning, T. J. Conway, and D. H. Barnes. 1999. Influence of biotic exchange and combustion sources on atmospheric CO₂ concentrations in New England from observations at a forest flux tower. Journal of Geophysical Research 104: 9561-9569.

Orwig, D. A., D. R. Foster, and J. F. O'Keefe. 1999. Old-growth forests on Wachusett Mountain. Wachusett Mountain State Reservation Resource Management and Protection Plan. Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management, Boston, MA.

Orwig, D. A. and M. D. Abrams. 1999. Impacts of early selective logging on the dendroecology of an old-growth, bottomland hemlock-white pine-northern hardwood forest on the Allegheny Plateau. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 126: 234-244.

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Bazzaz, F. A. 1997. Allocation of resources in plants: state-of-the-science and critical questions. Pp. 1-37 In F. A. Bazzaz and J. Grace (Eds.), Plant Resource Allocation. Physiological Ecology Series of Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

Bassow, S. L. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1997. Intra- and inter-specific variation in canopy photosynthesis in a mixed deciduous forest. Oecologia 109: 507-515.

Barford, C. C. 97. Stable isotope dynamics of denitrification. PhD Thesis, Harvard.

Abrams, M. D., D. A. Orwig, and J. Dockry. 1997. Dendroecology and successional status of two contrasting old-growth oak forests in the Blue Ridge Mountains, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27: 994-1002.

Aber, J. D., S. V. Ollinger, C. A. Federer, and C. Driscoll. 1997. Modeling nitrogen saturation in forest ecosystems in response to land use and atmospheric deposition. Ecological Modelling 101: 61-78.

Aber, J. D. and C. T. Driscoll. 1997. Effects of land use, climate variation and N deposition on N cycling and C storage in northern hardwood forests. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 11: 639-648.

Aber, J. D. 1997. Why don't we believe the models? Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 78: 232-233.

Wilson, P. and M. Stine. 1996. Floral constancy in bumble bees: handling efficiency or perceptual conditioning? Oecologia 106: 493-499.

Wilson, P., M. Buonopane, and T. A. Allison. 1996. Reproductive biology of the monoecious clonal shrub. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 123: 7-15.

Williams, M., E. B. Rastetter, D. Fernandes, M. L. Goulden, S. C. Wofsy, G. R. Shaver, J. M. Melillo, J. W. Munger, S.-M. Fan, and K. J. Nadelhoffer. 1996. Modeling the soil-plant atmosphere continuum in a Quercus-Acer stand at Harvard Forest: the regulation of stomatal conductance by light nitrogen and soil/plant hydraulic properties. Plant, Cell and Environment 19: 911-927.

Trumbore, S. E., O. A. Chadwick, and R. Amundson. 1996. Rapid exchange between soil carbon and atmospheric carbon dioxide driven by temperature change. Science 272: 393-396.

Traw, M. B., R. L. Lindroth, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1996. Decline in gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) performance in an elevated CO₂ atmosphere depends upon host plant species. Oecologia 108: 113-120.

Thomas, S. C. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1996. Effects of elevated CO₂ on leaf shapes: are dandelions getting toothier? American Journal of Botany 83: 106-111.

Strauss-Debenedetti and F. A. Bazzaz. 1996. Photosynthetic characteristics of tropical trees along successional gradients. Pp. 162-186 In S. S. C. R. Mulkey and A. P. Smith (Eds.), Tropical Forest Plant Ecophysiology. Chapman & Hall, New York.

Steudler, P. A., J. M. Melillo, B. J. Feigl, C. Neill, M. C. Piccolo, and C. C. Cerri. 1996. Consequence of forest-to-pasture conversion on CH₄ fluxes in the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research 101: 18547-18554.

Steudler, P. A., R. D. Jones, M. S. Castro, J. M. Melillo, and D. L. Lewis. 1996. Microbial controls of methane oxidation in temperate forest and agricultural soils. Pp. 69-84 In J. C. Murrell and D. P. Kelly (Eds.), Microbiology of Atmospheric Trace Gases: Sources, Sinks and Global Change Process. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Schulze, E.-D., F. A. Bazzaz, K. Nadelhoffer, T. Koike, and S. Takatsuki. 1996. Biodiversity and ecosystem function of temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests. Pp. 71-98 In H. A. Mooney, J. H. Cushman, E. A. Medina, O. E. Sala, and E.-D. Schulze (Eds.), Functional Roles of Biodiversity: A Global Perspective. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., New York.

Pan, Y., A. D. McGuire, D. W. Kicklighter, and J. M. Melillo. 1996. The importance of climate and soils for estimates of net primary production: a sensitivity analysis with the terrestrial ecosystem model. Global Change Biology 2: 5-23.

Ollinger, S. V., J. D. Aber, and P. B. Reich. 1996. Predicting the effects of tropospheric ozone on forest productivity in the northeastern U.S. Pp. 217-225 Proceedings, 1995 Meeting of the Northern Global Change Program. USDA/USFS General Technical Report NE-214.

Neill, C., B. Fry, J. M. Melillo, P. A. Steudler, J. L. Moraes, and C. C. Cerri. 1996. Forest- and pasture-derived carbon contributions to organic matter stocks and respiration of tropical pasture soils. Oecologia 107: 113-119.

Neelon, S. E. 96. The response of understory vegetation to simulated hurricane disturbance. Honors Thesis, Smith College.

Munger, J. W., S. C. Wofsy, P. S. Bakwin, S.-M. Fan, M. L. Goulden, B. C. Daube, A. H. Goldstein, K. E. Moore, and R. Fitzjarrald. 1996. Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen oxides and ozone in a temperate deciduous forest and a sub-arctic woodland. I. Measurements and mechanisms. Journal of Geophysical Research 101: 12639-12657.

Motzkin, G., W. A. I. Patterson, and N. E. R. Drake. 1996. Fire history and vegetation dynamics of a Chamaecyparis thyoides wetland on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Pp. 169-129 In F. B. Samson and F. L. F. L. Knopf (Eds.), Ecosystem Management - Selected Readings. Springer, New York.

Motzkin, G., D. R. Foster, A. Allen, J. Harrod, and R. D. Boone. 1996. Controlling site to evaluate history: vegetation patterns of a New England sand plain. Ecological Monographs 66: 345-365.

Moore, K. E., D. R. Fitzjarrald, R. K. Sakai, M. L. Goulden, J. W. Munger, and S. C. Wofsy. 1996. Seasonal variation and turbulent exchange at a deciduous forest in central Massachusetts. Journal of Applied Meteorology 35: 122-134.

Millikin, C. S. and R. D. Bowden. 1996. Soil respiration in pits and mounds following an experimental hurricane. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60: 1951-1953.

Merriam, J., W. H. McDowell, and W. S. Currie. 1996. A chemiluminescent method for the measurement of total dissolved nitrogen in environmental samples. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60: 1050-1055.

Melillo, J. M., I. C. Prentice, G. D. Farquhar, E.-D. Schulze, and O. Sala. 1996. Terrestrial biotic responses to environmental change and feedbacks to climate. Pp. 445-482 In J. T. Houghton and et al. (Eds.), . Climate Change 1996 - The Science of Climate Change: Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Melillo, J. M., R. A. Houghton, D. W. Kicklighter, and A. D. McGuire. 1996. Tropical deforestation and the global carbon budget. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 21: 293-310.

Melillo, J. M., D. O. Hall, and G. Ågren. 1996. Executive summary. Pp. 1-16 In A. I. Breymeyer, D. O. Hall, J. M. Melillo, and G. Ågren (Eds.), Global Change: Effects on Coniferous Forests and Grasslands. John Wiley & Sons.

Melillo, J. M. 1996. Elevated carbon dioxide, litter quality and decomposition. Pp. 199-206 In A. I. Breymeyer, D. O. Hall, J. M. Melillo, and G. Ågren (Eds.), Global Change: Effects on Coniferous Forests and Grasslands. SCOPE, John Wiley & Sons.

Melillo, J. 1996. Carbon and nitrogen interactions in the terrestrial biosphere: anthropogenic effects. Pp. 431-450 In B. Walker and W. Steffen (Eds.), Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme Book Series 2).

McGuire, A. D., D. W. Kicklighter, and J. M. Melillo. 1996. Global climate change and carbon cycling in grasslands and conifer forests. Pp. 389-412 In A. I. Breymeyer, D. O. Hall, J. M. Melillo, and G. Ågren (Eds.), Global Change: Effects on Coniferous Forests and Grasslands. John Wiley and Sons.

McConnaughay, K. D. M., A. B. Nicotra, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1996. Rooting volume, nutrient availability and CO_2-induced growth enhancement in temperate forest tree seedlings. Ecological Applications 6: 619-627.

McConnaughay, K. D. M., S. L. Bassow, G. M. Berntson, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1996. Leaf senescence and decline of end-of-season gas exchange in five temperate deciduous tree species grown in elevated CO₂ concentrations. Global Change Biology 2: 25-34.

Magill, A. H., M. R. Downs, K. J. Nadelhoffer, R. A. Hallett, and J. D. Aber. 1996. Forest ecosystem response to four years of chronic nitrate and sulfate additions at Bear Brooks Watershed, Maine, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 84: 29-37.

Körner, C., F. A. Bazzaz, and C. B. Field. 1996. The significance of biological variation, organism interactions and life histories in CO₂ research. Pp. 443-456 In C. Körner and F. A. Bazzaz (Eds.), Carbon Dioxide, Populations, and Communities. Academic Press, London.

Körner, C. and F. A. Bazzaz. (Eds.) 1996. Carbon Dioxide, Population and Communities. Physiological Ecology Series of Academic Press, London.

Hirsch, A. I., J. W. Munger, D. J. Jacob, L. W. Horowitz, and A. H. Goldstein. 1996. Seasonal variation of the ozone production efficiency per unit NO_x at Harvard Forest, Massachusetts. Journal of Geophysical Research 101: 12659-12666.

Hirose, T., D. D. Ackerly, M. B. Traw, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1996. Effects of CO₂ elevation on canopy development in the stands of two co-occurring annuals. Oecologia 108: 215-223.

Hirose, T., D. D. Ackerly, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1996. CO₂and canopy development in stands of herbaceous plants. Pp. 413-430 In Ch. Körner and F. A. Bazzaz (Eds.), Carbon Dioxide, Populations and Communities. Academic Press, London.

Goulden, M. L., J. W. Munger, S.-M. Fan, B. C. Daube, and S. C. Wofsy. 1996. Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy. Global Change Biology 2: 169-182.

Goulden, M. L., J. W. Munger, S.-M. Fan, B. C. Daube, and S. C. Wofsy. 1996. Effects of interannual climate variability on the carbon dioxide exchange of a temperate deciduous forest. Science 271: 1576-1578.

Goldstein, A. H., S. M. Fan, M. L. Goulden, J. W. Munger, and S. C. Wofsy. 1996. Emissions of ethene propene and 1-butene by a midlatitude forest. Journal of Geophysical Research 101: 9149-9157.

George, L. 96. The understory as an ecological filter. Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard.

Foster, D. R., Orwig, D. A., and O'Keefe, J. 1996. Evaluation of the old-growth forest at Mount Wachusett, central Massachusetts. Commonwealth of Massachusetts , 9 pp. Department of Environmental Management.

Foster, D. R., D. A. Orwig, and J. S. McLachlan. 1996. Ecological and conservation insights from reconstructive studies of temperate old-growth forests. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11: 419-424.

Dunwiddie, P., D. Foster, D. Leopold, and R. Leverett. 1996. Old-growth forests of southern New England, New York and Pennsylvania. Pp. 126-143 In M. B. Davis (Eds.), Eastern Old Growth Forests. Island Press, Covelo, CA.

Downs, M. R., K. J. Nadelhoffer, J. M. Melillo, and J. D. Aber. 1996. Immobilization of a ¹⁵N labelled nitrate addition by decomposing forest litter. Oecologia 105: 141-150.

Currie, W. S., J. D. Aber, W. H. McDowell, R. D. Boone, and A. H. McGill. 1996. Vertical transport of dissolved organic C and N under long-term N amendments in pine and hardwood forests. Biochemistry 35: 471-505.

Bolster, K. L., M. E. Martin, and J. D. Aber. 1996. Interactions between precision and generality in the development of calibrations for the determination of carbon fraction and nitrogen concentration in foliage by near infrared reflectance. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26: 590-600.

Berntson, G. M. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1996. Belowground positive and negative feedbacks on CO₂ growth enhancement. Plant and Soil 187: 119-131.

Berntson, G. M. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1996. The allometry of root production and loss in seedlings of Acer rubrum (Aceraceae) and Betula papyrifera (Betulaceae): implications for root dynamics in elevated CO₂. American Journal of Botany 83: 608-616.

Berntson, G. 96. Root growth and nitrogen cycling in temperate deciduous forests in an elevated CO₂ world. PhD Thesis, Harvard.

Bazzaz, F. A. and W. G. Sombroek. 1996. Global climate change and agricultural production: an assessment of current knowledge and critical gaps. Pp. 319-330 Global Change and Agricultural Production. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., England.

Bazzaz, F. A. and W. G. Sombroek. (Eds.) 1996. Global Climate Change and Agricultural Production. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., England.

Bazzaz, F. A., S. L. Bassow, G. M. Berntson, and S. C. Thomas. 1996. Elevated CO₂and terrestrial vegetation: implications for and beyond the global carbon budget. Pp. 43-76 In B. Walker and W. Steffen (Eds.), Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, .

Bazzaz, F. A. (Ed.) 1996. Plants in Changing Environments: Linking Physiological, Population, and Community Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

Aber, J. D., P. B. Reich, and M. I. Goulden. 1996. Extrapolating leaf CO₂exchange to the canopy: a generalized model of forest photosynthesis validated by eddy correlation. Oecologia 106: 257-265.

Wilson, P. 1995. Selection for pollination success and the mechanical fit of Impatiens flowers around bumblebee bodies. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 55: 355-383.

Waring, R. H., B. E. Law, M. L. Goulden, S. L. Bassow, R. W. McCreight, S. C. Wofsy, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1995. Scaling tower estimates of photosynthesis to constrained quantum-use. Efficiency model and remote sensing. Plant, Cell and Environment 18: 1201-1213.

VEMAP Members. 1995. Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP): Comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and CO₂ doubling. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9: 407-437.

Peterjohn, W. T., J. M. Melillo, P. A. Steudler, K. M. Newkirk, F. P. Bowles, and J. D. Aber. 1995. Responses of trace gas fluxes and N availability to experimentally elevated soil temperatures. Ecological Applications 4: 617-625.

Ollinger, S. V., J. D. Aber, C. A. Federer, G. M. Lovett, and J. M. Ellis. 1995. Modeling physical and chemical climatic variables across the northeastern U.S. for a geographic information system. General Tech. Report NE-191: 30 pp.

Noger, P. 95. Effects of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae on plant growth. Diplomarbeit Thesis, Swiss Eidgenössiche Technische Hockscule of Zurich.

Neill, C., M. C. Piccolo, P. A. Steudler, J. M. Melillo, B. J. Feigl, and C. C. Cerri. 1995. Nitrogen dynamics in soils of forests and active pastures in the western Brazilian Amazon Basin. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 1167-1175.

Nadelhoffer, K. J., M. Downs, B. Fry, J. D. Aber, A. H. Magill, and J. M. Melillo. 1995. The fate of ¹⁵N-labelled nitrate additions to a northern hardwood forest in eastern Maine, USA. Oecologia 103: 292-301.

Nadelhoffer, K. J., A. F. Bouwman, M. Delaney, J. M. Melillo, W. Schäfer, M. C. Scholes, R. J. Scholes, C. Sonntag, W. Sunda, E. Veldkamp, and E. B. Welch. 1995. Effects of climate change and human perturbations on interactions between non-living organic matter and nutrients. Pp. 227-256 In R. G. R. G. Zepp and C. H. Sonntag (Eds.), Report of the Dahlem Workshop on the Role of Nonliving Organic Matter in the Earth's Carbon Cycle. John Wiley & Sons, .

Motzkin, G. 1995. Inventory of uncommon plant communities of western Massachusetts: 1993-1994. Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program, Boston 40 + appendices (Report submitted to the Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program).

Moraes, J. F. L., C. C. Cerri, J. M. Melillo, D. Kicklighter, C. Neill, D. L. Skole, and P. A. Steudler. 1995. Soil carbon stocks of the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59: 244-247.

Melillo, J. M., D. W. Kicklighter, A. D. McGuire, W. T. Peterjohn, and K. Newkirk. 1995. Global change and its effects on soil organic carbon stocks. Pp. 175-189 In R. Zepp and et al (Eds.), Report of the Dahlem Workshop on the Role of Nonliving Organic Matter in the Earth's Carbon Cycle. John Wiley and Sons, .

Melillo, J. M. 1995. Human influences on the global N budget and their implications for the global carbon budget. Pp. 117-133 In S. Murai and M. Kimura (Eds.), Toward Global Planning of Sustainable Use of the Earth: Development of Global Eco-engineering. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

McKane, R. B., E. B. Rastetter, J. M. Melillo, G. R. Shaver, C. S. Hopkinson, D. N. Fernandes, D. L. Skole, and W. H. Chomentowski. 1995. Effects of global change on carbon storage in tropical forests of South America. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9: 329-350.

McGuire, A. D., J. M. Melillo, D. W. Kicklighter, and L. A. Joyce. 1995. Equilibrium responses of soil carbon to climate change: Empirical and process-based estimates. Journal of Biogeography 22: 785-796.

McGuire, A. D., J. M. Melillo, and L. A. Joyce. 1995. The role of nitrogen in the response of forest net primary production to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26: 473-503.

Kittel, T. G. F., N. A. Rosenbloom, T. H. Painter, D. S. Schimel, and V. E. M. A. P. M. Participants. 1995. The VEMAP integrated database for modeling United States ecosystem/vegetation sensitivity to climate change. Journal of Biogeography 22: 857-862.

Goldstein, A. H., C. M. Spivokovsky, and S. C. Wofsy. 1995. Seasonal variations of non-methane hydrocarbons in rural New England: constraints on OH concentrations in northern midlatitudes. Journal of Geophysical Research 100: 21023-21033.

Goldstein, A. H., B. C. Daube, J. W. Munger, and S. C. Wofsy. 1995. Automated in situ monitoring of atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbon concentrations and gradients. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 21: 43-59.

Fry, B., D. E. Jones, G. W. Kling, R. B. McKane, K. J. Nadelhoffer, and B. J. Peterson. 1995. Adding ¹⁵N tracers to ecosystem experiments. In E. Wada, T. Yoneyama, M. Minagawa, T. Ando, and B. Fry (Eds.), Stable Isotopes in the Biosphere. Kyoto University Press, Kyoto, Japan.

Foster, D. R. and E. Boose. 1995. Hurricane disturbance regimes in temperate and tropical forest ecosystems. Pp. 305-339 In M. Coutts and J. Grace (Eds.), Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Foster, D. R. 1995. Land-use history and four hundred years of vegetation change in New England. Pp. 253-319 In B. L. Turner, A. G. Sal, F. G. Bernaldez, and F. DiCastri (Eds.), Global Land Use Change: a Perspective from the Columbian Encounter. SCOPE Publication, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid.

Feigl, B. J., J. M. Melillo, and C. C. Cerri. 1995. Changes in the origin and quality of soil organic matter after pasture introduction in Rondônia (Brazil). Plant and Soil 175: 21-29.

Fan, S.-M., M. L. Goulden, J. W. Munger, B. C. Daube, P. S. Bakwin, S. C. Wofsy, J. S. Amthor, D. R. Fitzjarrald, K. E. Moore, and T. R. Moore. 1995. Environmental controls on the photosynthesis and respiration of a boreal lichen woodland: a growing season of whole-ecosystem exchange measurements by eddy correlation. Oecologia 102: 443-452.

Currie, W. S. 95. Forest floor leachate biogeochemistry and decomposition dynamics. PhD Thesis, University of New Hampshire.

Castro, M. S., P. A. Steudler, J. M. Melillo, J. D. Aber, and R. D. Bowden. 1995. Factors controlling atmospheric methane consumption by temperate forest soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9: 1-10.

Castro, M. S., J. M. Melillo, P. A. Steudler, and J. W. Chapman. 1995. Soil moisture as a predictor of methane uptake by temperate forest soils. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24: 1805-1810.

Bassow, S. L. 95. Canopy photosynthesis and carbon cycling in a deciduous forest: implications of species composition and rising concentrations of CO_2. PhD Thesis, Harvard University.

Allen, A. 1995. Soil science and survey at Harvard Forest. Soil Survey Horizons 36: 133-142.

Aber, J. D., S. V. Ollinger, C. A. Federer, P. B. Reich, M. L. Goulden, D. W. Kicklighter, J. M. Melillo, and Jr. R. G. L. Lathrop. 1995. Predicting the effects of climate change on water yield and forest production in the northeastern U.S. Climate Research 5: 207-222.

Aber, J. D., A. Magill, S. G. McNulty, R. Boone, K. J. Nadelhoffer, M. Downs, and R. A. Hallett. 1995. Forest biogeochemistry and primary production altered by nitrogen saturation. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 85: 1665-1670.

Smith, K. A., G. P. Robertson, and J. M. Melillo. 1994. Exchange of trace gases between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere in the midlatitudes. Pp. 179-203 In R. G. Prinn (Eds.), Global Atmospheric-Biospheric Chemistry. Plenum Press, New York.

Sipe, T. W. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1994. Gap partitioning among maples (Acer) in central New England: survival and growth. Ecology 76: 1587-1602.

Sipe, T. W. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1994. Gap partitioning among maples (Acer) in Central New England: shoot architecture and photosynthesis. Ecology 75: 2318-2332.

Nadelhoffer, K. J. and B. Fry. 1994. Nitrogen isotope studies in forest ecosystems. Pp. 22-44 In K. Lajtha and R. Michener (Eds.), Stable Isotopes in Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.

Motzkin, G. 1994. Calcareous fens of western New England and adjacent New York State. Rhodora 96: 44-68.

Micks, P. 94. Soil respiration and nitrogen additions in two forest stands: short- and long-term responses. MS Thesis, University of New Hampshire.

Martin, M. E. 94. Measurements of foliar chemistry using laboratory and airborne high spectral resolution visible and infrared data. PhD Thesis, University of New Hampshire.

Kicklighter, D. W., J. M. Melillo, W. T. Peterjohn, E. B. Rastetter, A. D. McGuire, P. A. Steudler, and J. D. Aber. 1994. Scaling field measurements to estimate regional carbon dioxide fluxes from temperate forest soils. Journal of Geophysical Research 99: 1303-1315.

Hendricks, J. J. 94. Assessing the effects of nitrogen availability on fine root turnover and tissue chemistry in forest ecosystems. Ph.D. Thesis, University of New Hampshire.

Goldstein, A. H. 94. Non-methane hydrocarbons above a mid-latitude forest: biogenic emissions and seasonal concentration variations. PhD Thesis, Harvard.

Boose, E. R., D. R. Foster, and M. Fluet. 1994. Hurricane impacts to tropical and temperate forest landscapes. Ecological Monographs 64: 369-400.

Bazzaz, F. A. and P. M. Wayne. 1994. Coping with environmental heterogeneity: the physiological ecology of tree seeding regeneration across the gap-understory continuum. Pp. 349-390 In M. Caldwell and R. Pearcy (Eds.), Exploitation of Environmental Heterogeneity by Plants: Ecophysiological Processes Above and Below Ground . Academic Press.

Bassow, S. L., K. D. M. McConnaughay, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1994. The response of temperate tree seedlings grown in elevated CO₂ to extreme temperature events. Ecological Applications 4: 593-603.

Amthor, J. S., M. L. Goulden, J. W. Munger, and S. C. Wofsy. 1994. Testing a mechanistic model of forest-canopy mass and energy exchange using eddy correlation: carbon dioxide and ozone uptake by a mixed oak-maple stand. Journal of Plant Physiology 21: 623-51.

Wofsy, S. C., M. L. Goulden, J. W. Munger, S.-M. Fan, P. S. Bakwin, B. C. Daube, S. L. Bassow, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1993. Net exchange of CO₂ in a mid-latitude forest. Science 260: 1314-1317.

Whitney, G. G. (1993. From Coastal Wilderness to Fruited Plain: An Ecological History of Northeastern United States. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Wayne, P. M. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1993. Morning vs afternoon sun patches in experimental forest gaps: consequences of temporal incongruency of resources to birch regeneration. Oecologia 94: 235-243.

Wayne, P. M. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1993. Birch seedling responses to daily time courses of light in experimental forest gaps and shadehouses. Ecology 74: 1500-1515.

Torrey, J. G. 1993. Can plant productivity by increased by inoculation of tree roots with soil microorganisms? Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22: 1815-1823.

Peterjohn, W. T., J. M. Melillo, F. P. Bowles, and P. A. Steudler. 1993. Soil warming and trace gas fluxes: experimental design and preliminary flux results. Oecologia 93: 18-24.

Ollinger, S. V., J. D. Aber, G. M. Lovett, S. E. Millham, R. G. Lathrop, and J. E. Ellis. 1993. A spatial model of atmospheric deposition for the northeastern U.S. Ecological Applications 3: 459-472.

Nadelhoffer, K. J., J. D. Aber, M. R. Downs, B. Fry, and J. M. Melillo. 1993. Biological sinks for nitrogen additions to a forested catchment. CEC Report of the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Experimental Manipulation of Biota and Biogeochemical Cycling in Ecosystems. Copenhagen.

Morse, S. R., P. Wayne, S. Miao, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1993. Elevated CO₂ and drought alter tissue water relations of birch (Betula populifolia Marsh.) seedlings. Oecologia 95: 599-602.

Mills, A. V. 93. Predicting forest growth and composition - a test of the JABOWA model using data from Earl Stephens' study in the Tom Swamp tract. Senior Thesis, Hampshire College.

Melillo, J. M., A. D. McGuire, D. W. Kicklighter, B. I. Moore, C. J. Vorosmarty, and A. L. Schloss. 1993. Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production. Nature 363: 234-240.

McNulty, S. G. and J. D. Aber. 1993. Effect of chronic nitrogen additions on nitrogen cycling in a high elevation spruce-fir stand. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23: 1252-1263.

Hendricks, J. J., K. J. Nadelhoffer, and J. D. Aber. 1993. The role of fine roots in energy and nutrient cycling. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8: 174-178.

Golodetz, A. 93. Historical patterns of land protection in north-central Massachusetts: the emergence of a greenway. Senior Thesis, Hampshire College.

Gerhardt, F. 93. Physiographic and historical influences of forest composition in central New England, U.S.A. MFS Thesis, Harvard.

Foster, D. R. and T. M. Zebryk. 1993. Long-term vegetation dynamics and disturbance history of a Tsuga-dominated forest in New England. Ecology 74: 982-998.

Foster, D. R. 1993. Land-use history and forest transformations in central New England. Pp. 91-110 In S. Pickett and M. McDonald (Eds.), Humans as Components of Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, NY.

Downs, M. R., K. J. Nadelhoffer, J. M. Melillo, and J. D. Aber. 1993. Foliar and fine root nitrate reductase activity in seedlings of four forest tree species in relation to nitrogen availability. Trees, Structure and Function 7: 233-236.

Crabtree, R. C. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1993. Seedling response of four birch species to simulated nitrogen deposition: Ammonium versus nitrate. Ecological Applications 3: 315-321.

Crabtree, R. C. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1993. Black birch (Betula lenta L.) seedlings as foragers for nitrogen. New Phytologist 122: 617-625.

Carlton, G. 93. Effects of microsite environment on tree regeneration following disturbance. PhD Thesis, Harvard.

Bowden, R. D., K. J. Nadelhoffer, R. D. Boone, J. M. Melillo, and J. B. Garrison. 1993. Contributions of aboveground litter, belowground litter, and root respiration to total soil respiration in a temperate mixed hardwood forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 123: 1402-1407.

Bowden, R., M. C. Castro, J. M. Melillo, P. A. Steudler, and J. D. Aber. 1993. Fluxes of greenhouse gases between soils and the atmosphere in a temperate forest following a simulated hurricane blowdown. Biogeochemistry 21: 61-71.

Bazzaz, F. A. and S. L. Miao. 1993. Successional status, seed size, and responses of tree seedlings to CO₂, light, and nutrients. Ecology 74: 104-112.

Bazzaz, F. A. 1993. Scaling in biological systems: Population and community perspectives. Pp. 233-254 In .J. Ehleringer and C. B. Field (Eds.), Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA.

Akachuku, A. E. 1993. Recovery and morphology of Pinus resinosa Ait. trees 50 years after they were displaced by a hurricane. Forest Ecology and Management 56: 113-129.

Aber, J. D., A. Magill, R. Boone, J. M. Melillo, P. A. Steudler, and R. Bowden. 1993. Plant and soil responses to three years of chronic nitrogen additions at the Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA. Ecological Applications 3: 156-166.

Aber, J. D., C. Driscoll, C. A. Federer, R. Lathrop, G. Lovett, J. M. Melillo, P. Steudler, and J. Vogelmann. 1993. A strategy for the regional analysis of the effects of physical and chemical climate change on biogeographical cycles in northeastern (U.S.) forests. Ecological Modelling 67: 37-47.

Aber, J. D. 1993. Modification of nitrogen cycling at the regional scale: the subtle effects of atmospheric deposition. Pp. 163-174 In M. J. McDonnell and S. T. A. Pickett (Eds.), Humans as Components of Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, NY.

Wayne, P. M. 92. Effects of the daily time course of light availability on the sun-shade responses and regeneration of birch seedlings. PhD Thesis, Harvard.

Stafford, R. 92. Heterogeneity in forest structure, composition and dynamics following catastrophic wind disturbance in southwestern New Hampshire. MFS Thesis, Harvard.

Rochefort, L. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1992. Growth response to elevated CO₂ in seedlings of four co-occurring birch species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22: 1583-1587.

Nadelhoffer, K. J. and J. R. Raich. 1992. Fine root production estimates and belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems. Ecology 73: 1139-1147.

Miao, S. L., P. M. Wayne, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1992. Elevated CO₂ differentially alters the responses of co-occurring birch and maple seedlings to moisture gradients. Oecologia 90: 300-304.

McGuire, A. D., J. M. Melillo, A. Joyce, D. W. Kicklighter, A. L. Grace, B. I. Moore, and C. J. Vorosmarty. 1992. Interactions between carbon and nitrogen dynamics in estimating net primary productivity for potential vegetation in North America. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 6: 101-124.

Foster, D. R., T. Zebryk, P. Schoonmaker, and A. Lezberg. 1992. Post-settlement history of human land-use and vegetation dynamics of a hemlock woodlot in central New England. Journal of Ecology 80: 773-786.

Foster, D. R. and E. Boose. 1992. Technology development in the LTER Network - Current status of GIS, remote sensing, Internet connectivity, archival storage and global positioning systems. LTER Publication, Seattle, WA.

Foster, D. R. and E. Boose. 1992. Patterns of forest damage resulting from catastrophic wind in central New England, USA. Journal of Ecology 80: 79-99.

Foster, D. R. 1992. Land-use history (1730-1990) and vegetation dynamics in central New England, USA. Journal of Ecology 80: 753-772.

Crabtree, R. C. 92. Birch regeneration in a changing nitrogen environment. Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard.

Bazzaz, F. A. and E. D. Fajer. 1992. Plant life in a CO₂-rich world. Scientific American 266: 68-77.

Aber, J. D. and C. A. Federer. 1992. A generalized, lumped-parameter model of photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and net primary production in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems. Oecologia 92: 463-474.

Aber, J. D. 1992. Nitrogen Cycling and Nitrogen Saturation in Temperate Forest Ecosystems. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7: 220-223.

Zebryk, T. 91. Holocene development of a forested wetland in central Massachusetts. MFS Thesis, Harvard.

Whitney, G. G. 1991. Relation of plant species to substrate, landscape position, and aspect in north central Massachusetts. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21: 1245-1252.

Wayne, P. M. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1991. Assessing diversity in plant communities: The importance of within-species variations. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6: 400-404.

Tomlin, C. D. 1991. Cartographic modeling. p.Ch. 23 In M. Goodchild, D. Maguire, and R. Rhind (Eds.), Geographic Information Systems: Principles and Applications. Longman Group, Ltd, Harlow, Essex, United Kingdom.

Schoonmaker, P. K. and D. R. Foster. 1991. Some implications of paleoecology for contemporary ecology. Botanical Review 57: 204-245.

Schoonmaker, P. 91. Long-term vegetation dynamics in southwestern New Hampshire. PhD Thesis, Harvard.

Rastetter, E. B., M. G. Ryan, G. R. Shaver, J. M. Melillo, K. J. Nadelhoffer, J. E. Hobbie, and J. D. Aber. 1991. A general biogeochemical model describing the responses of the C and N cycles in terrestrial ecosystems to changes in CO₂ climate and N deposition. Tree Physiology 9: 101-126.

McNulty, S. G., J. D. Aber, and R. D. Boone. 1991. Spatial changes in forest floor and foliar chemistry of spruce-fir forests across New England. Biogeochemistry 14: 13-29.

McLellan, T., M. E. Martin, J. D. Aber, J. M. Melillo, K. J. Nadelhoffer, and B. Dewey. 1991. Comparison of wet chemical and near infrared reflectance measurements of carbon fraction chemistry and nitrogen concentration of forest foliage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21: 1689-1693.

McLellan, T., J. D. Aber, M. E. Martin, J. M. Melillo, and K. J. Nadelhoffer. 1991. Determination of nitrogen, lignin and cellulose content of decomposing leaf material by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21: 1684-1688.

Jones, N. 91. An ecological history of agricultural land use in two Massachusetts towns. Undergraduate Thesis, Hampshire College.

Bowden, R. D., J. M. Melillo, P. A. Steudler, and J. D. Aber. 1991. Effects of nitrogen additions on annual nitrous oxide fluxes from temperate forest soils in the northeastern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research 96: 9321-9328.

Bazzaz, F. A. 1991. Habitat selection in plants. American Naturalist 137: S116-S130.

Akachuku, A. E. 1991. Wood growth determined from growth ring analysis in red pine (Pinus resinosa) trees forced to lean by a hurricane. IAWA Bulletin n.s. 12: 263-274.

Aber, J. D., J. M. Melillo, K. J. Nadelhoffer, J. Pastor, and R. Boone. 1991. Factors controlling nitrogen cycling and nitrogen saturation in northern temperate forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications 1: 303-315.

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Sipe, T. 90. Gap partitioning among maples (Acer) in the forests of central New England. PhD Thesis, Harvard.

Raich, J. W., R. D. Bowden, and P. A. Steudler. 1990. Comparison of two static chamber techniques for determination of CO₂ efflux from forest soils. Journal of Soil Science Society of America 54: 1754-1757.

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