Prey capture by carnivorous plants 1923-2007

• Investigators: Aaron Ellison, Nicholas Gotelli
• Contact: Aaron Ellison
• Start date: 1923-01-01
• End date: 2007-12-31
• Location: Global
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• Longitude:
• Elevation:
• Taxa: Diptera, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Dionaea sp., Drosera sp., Nepenthes sp., Pinguicula sp., Sarracenia sp., Triphyophyllum sp., Utricularia sp.
• Keywords: carnivorous plants, competition, niche overlap, phylogeny, prey capture
• Abstract:

  Available phylogenetic data illustrate that in all carnivorous lineages, the ancestral trap type is a sticky, flypaper-type trap (Ellison and Gotelli, 2001). In the Caryophyllales, pitfall traps (Nepenthes) and snap traps (Dionaea and Aldrovanda) are derived relative to the sticky pads of Drosera. Similarly, in the Lamiales, the sticky-leaved Pinguicula is ancestral to Genlisea with its eel (or lobster-pot) traps and Utricularia with its vacuum traps. In the Ericales, the Sarraceniaceae with its pitfall traps are derived relative to Roridula, another species with flypaper traps. Muller et al. (2004) hypothesed that carnivorous genera with rapidly evolving genomes (Genlisea and Utricularia) have more predictable and frequent captures of prey than do genera with more slowly evolving genomes; by extension it could be hypothesized that in general, carnivorous plants with more complex traps should have more predictable and frequent captures of prey than do those with relatively simple traps. Increases in predictability and frequency of prey capture could be achieved by evolving more elaborate mechanisms for attracting prey, by specializing on particular types of prey, or, as Darwin suggested, by specializing on particular (large) sizes of prey. In all cases, one would expect that prey actually captured would not be a random sample of the available prey. Furthermore, when multiple species of carnivorous plants co-occur, one would predict, again following Darwin that interspecific competition would lead to specialization on particular kinds of prey.

  Because the traps of carnivorous plants accumulate identifiable remains of prey, analysis of trap contents can provide an aggregate record of the prey that have been successfully "sampled" by the plant. Such samples could be used to begin to test the hypothesis that carnivorous plant genera differ in prey composition and to look for evidence of specialization in prey capture. Over the past 80 years, numerous ecologists have gathered data on prey contents of carnivorous plants of a number of species and genera from around the world, but these data have never been summarized or synthesized; this summary and synthesis is accomplished in Ellison et al. (2008). The accompanying data are in this file.

• Methods:

  Overview

  Prey capture data were gathered from 33 studies that were published (in litt. or in otherwise unpublished M.Sc. and Ph.D. theses) between 1923 and 2007. These studies encompass 86 records of prey capture for 45 species of carnivorous plants in 7 genera: Pinguicula (7 species), Sarracenia (7 species), Drosera (13 species), Nepenthes (11 species) Triphyophyllum (1 species), Dionaea (1 species), and Utricularia (5 species). The geographic scope of these data is broad, encompassing all continents except Antarctica. We treated each record (prey composition of a single taxon at a single locality) as an independent observation, and we did not distinguish within- and between- species variability within each genus. We excluded one species measured by Judd (1959) because it contained only 6 individual prey items, but most studies contained from dozens to thousands of individual prey items. Using designations in the original publications, we classified prey into 43 taxonomic groups. For insects, these taxonomic groups were usually orders, although virtually all authors distinguished ants from other Hymenoptera and we retained this distinction in our analysis. There were a few coarser classifications ("Other insects", "Mollusca"), but most of these were very rare.

  References

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• Related datasets: HF109