uid=HFR,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org
all
public
read
doi:10.6073/pasta/f9e4aeb515271542e8874782bae2e5c3
Harvard Forest Flora Database from 1908 to Present
Jerry
Jenkins
Glenn
Motzkin
2023
English
We conducted a floristic inventory of Harvard Forest, in order to: (1) document the current vascular flora of Harvard Forest; (2) evaluate the extent to which the flora has changed over the past century.
habitats
history
plant species
vegetation dynamics
LTER controlled vocabulary
populations
LTER core area
Harvard Forest
HFR
LTER
USA
HFR default
This dataset is released to the public under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 (No Rights Reserved). Please keep the dataset creators informed of any plans to use the dataset. Consultation with the original investigators is strongly encouraged. Publications and data products that make use of the dataset should include proper acknowledgement.
Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal
https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html
CC0-1.0
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf116
Harvard Forest. Coordinates based on WGS84 datum.
-72.23
-72.16
+42.55
+42.44
208
417
meter
1908
2009
complete
Information Manager
Harvard Forest
324 North Main Street
Petersham
MA
01366
USA
(978) 724-3302
hf-im@lists.fas.harvard.edu
Harvard Forest
324 North Main Street
Petersham
MA
01366
USA
(978) 724-3302
(978) 724-3595
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu
Historic Flora
In order to determine the species that were documented to have occurred at Harvard Forest prior to our recent field investigations, we conducted a comprehensive review of all relevant herbarium specimens and published and unpublished manuscripts. The primary sources of information were: (1) the Harvard Forest Herbarium. Prior to our study, the HF Herbarium included more than 2,300 specimens collected in or near Harvard Forest, more than 85% of which were collected in the first half of the 20th century, primarily during three periods: 1908-1913 (~ 10% of specimens), 1928-34 (~35%), and 1947-1949 (~45%). All specimens in the Harvard Forest herbarium were verified to correct taxonomic errors and update nomenclature; and (2) previous studies with detailed information on the early flora of Harvard Forest, especially Jack (1911) and Smith (1948a, 1949). Because Raup’s (1938) checklist of the flora of Petersham does not distinguish species found at Harvard Forest from those found elsewhere in Petersham, we have accepted only those species from Raup (1938) for which we have specimens from Harvard Forest.
We also searched regional herbaria (HUH, MASS) for specimens from HF, and located ~ 180 C. E. Smith Jr. specimens collected at HF in 1947 in the Brandeis University Archives. This collection has since been generously donated to HF and incorporated into the Harvard Forest Herbarium. In August 2007, when we were nearing completion of this project, we located an additional ~1400 unmounted specimens collected at or near Harvard Forest prior to 1950 that were apparently held in the personal collection of Hugh Raup and stored at HF for an unknown period of years or decades. This collection included: ~ 350 "new" specimens (i.e., non-duplicates of specimens in the HFH) from the collectors that were active in 1908-1913 and 1928-1934, ~ 450 specimens collected by H. M. Raup and others that were duplicates of specimens in the HF herbarium, ~ 170 "new" H. M. Raup specimens collected in 1937-1938, and more than 400 "new" specimens collected by K. A. Raup in 1947. Specimens of species that were otherwise undocumented from Harvard Forest, as well as specimens that represent the earliest records for a species from Harvard Forest, were mounted and entered into the HF herbarium, and these records were included in all data analyses. Unmounted duplicates of specimens in the HFH (identified by specimen number) and specimens of common species for which we had other herbarium specimens were discarded. Nomenclature follows Sorrie and Somers (1999) or Flora of North America, except where indicated in the text.
Modern Flora
We conducted extensive botanical surveys across Harvard Forest in 2004-2005; limited additional field work in 2006 and 2007 targeted species that we suspected to occur at HF but that had not been located or adequately documented in our earlier surveys. Specimens were collected for laboratory determination when field identification was uncertain. We also attempted to collect for the HF Herbarium at least one specimen of every species that occurs at HF for which we found no earlier specimens.
For organizational purposes, surveys were conducted within the 33 administrative ‘compartments’ that comprise the 4 main tracts of Harvard Forest (Prospect Hill, Tom Swamp, Slab City, and Simes); Harvard Pond was designated as Tom Swamp 11. Several small HF tracts were excluded from our field surveys because of time constraints (e.g., Schwarz, Pisgah, Hamilton, Tall Timbers). Several recent additions to Harvard Forest property were also excluded (e.g. Bryant, Wilson, Flint, and Gould lots) so as to ensure that our data are comparable with those from the early 20th century. Although the Simes Tract was not acquired by Harvard Forest until 1977, we included this 125-ha area in our survey because of numerous historical collections from "Camel’s Hump" or other areas (e.g., portions of Dugway Rd.) that have since been incorporated into the Simes Tract.
During field surveys, one or more of the authors conducted thorough searches of each habitat or "plant community" within a compartment, recording all vascular plant species that were naturally occurring. Species that were planted at Harvard Forest were included only in cases where they had clearly spread from the original plantings and become naturalized. We noted cases where we were uncertain of whether a species has truly spread and become naturalized. Most compartments were visited several times to account for seasonal variation and to search for species that were likely to be present but were not previously recorded. Although field inventories covered all major habitats within each compartment, our primary objective was to document the flora of Harvard Forest as a whole, not to develop comprehensive compartment lists. Thus, species that we recorded frequently are likely to occur in at least some compartments where we did not record them, and species that we recorded rarely may occasionally be found elsewhere. Roadsides at the boundaries of Harvard Forest were included in our field surveys, as was the ~ 15 m-wide cut boundary of the Quabbin Reservation on the western border of the Simes Tract.
Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research
Harvard Forest
324 North Main Street
Petersham
MA
01366
USA
(978) 724-3302
(978) 724-3595
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu
https://ror.org/059cpzx98
pointOfContact
The Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program examines ecological dynamics in the New England region resulting from natural disturbances, environmental change, and human impacts.
National Science Foundation LTER grants: DEB-8811764, DEB-9411975, DEB-0080592, DEB-0620443, DEB-1237491, DEB-1832210.
hf116-01-flora.csv
flora
hf116-01-flora.csv
133460
a23718ac19f7326a12a05490156c0565
1
\r\n
column
,
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/data/p11/hf116/hf116-01-flora.csv
genus
nomenclature generally follows Sorrie and Somers (1999) or Flora of North America. See HF Annotated Flora for details.
genus
species
nomenclature generally follows Sorrie and Somers (1999) or Flora of North America. See HF Annotated Flora for details.
species
subclass
follows Gleason and Cronquist (1991)
subclass
family
families generally follow Sorrie and Somers (1999)
family
alien
true/false indicates whether the species was considered alien to Massachusetts for our analysis
0
not alien
1
alien
NA
missing value
main.habitat
main habitat
F
forest
O
openings and roads
W
wetland
P
plantation forest
FR
rich forest
NA
not available
Free text (unrestricted)
.*
NA
missing value
detailed.habitat
detailed habitat
F
forests
OP
open pastures
FR
rich forest
OD
open disturbed
WP
ponds and shores
WS
streambank
OG
open grounds & lawns
RW
wood roads
P
plantation
FO
open forest
OB
open barren
WB
bog
RP
paved roads
WF
forested or shrubby wetland
WO
open wetland
OE
open edges
O
openings & roads
FC
conifer forest
NA
not available
Free text (unrestricted)
.*
NA
missing value
life.form
life form
T
tree
H
herb
F
fern
G
graminoid
S
shrub
V
vine
A
aquatic
NA
missing value
ldetailed.life.form
detailed life form
TE
evergreen tree
HE
evergreen herb
HL
late herb
T
tree
HS
spring herb
F
fern
GL
late graminoid
HA
annual herb
S
shrub
SE
evergreen shrub
V
vine
GS
spring graminoid
SDE
dwarf evergreen shrub
FE
evergreen fern
AF
aquatic floating
GA
annual graminoid
AS
aquatic submerged
GE
evergreen graminoid
NA
not available
Free text (unrestricted)
.*
NA
missing value
sum.2007
number of compartments species was recorded in from 2004-2007
number
1
whole
NA
missing value
status
status
U
uncommon
C
common
O
occasional
F
frequent
M
missing
LC
locally common
NA
missing value
listed.for.hf
accepted for analysis of HF flora by Jenkins et al. 2008; occurring naturally or having naturalized at HF, either historically or currently.
listed for HF
verified
species identification confirmed – True/False
verified
NA
missing value
reason.not.listed
reason that the species was not accepted as part of the HF flora for analysis
GEN
An entry for records only identified to genus, like "Poa sp."
NDN
Not definitely naturalized: cultivars that have persisted but not spread
TAX
Taxonomy is in doubt: species we don't accept
NOT DEF HF
Not definitely within Harvard Forest
PROV
Provenance: something fishy about the specimen
hybrid
We did not accept hybrids
NC
Not confirmed: identification is in doubt
NV
Not verified: identification is in doubt
NA
missing value
current
species recorded at HF from 2004-2007
species recorded at HF from 2004-2007
historical
species recorded at HF prior to 2004
species recorded at HF prior to 2004
NA
missing value
synonyms
common synonyms for the species. Not all species have synonyms listed.
common synonyms for the species
NA
missing value
common.name
common name for the species
common name for the species
NA
missing value
p1
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. P=Prospect Hill
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
p2
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. P=Prospect Hill
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
p3
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. P=Prospect Hill
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
p4
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. P=Prospect Hill
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
p5
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. P=Prospect Hill
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
p6
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. P=Prospect Hill
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
p7
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. P=Prospect Hill
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
p8
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. P=Prospect Hill
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
p9
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. P=Prospect Hill
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
p10
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. P=Prospect Hill
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
s1
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. S=Slab City
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
s2
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. S=Slab City
0
absent
1
present
s3
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. S=Slab City
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
s4
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. S=Slab City
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
s5
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. S=Slab City
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
s6
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. S=Slab City
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
s7
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. S=Slab City
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
s8
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. S=Slab City
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
s9
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. S=Slab City
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
s10
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. S=Slab City
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
t1
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. T=Tom Swamp
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
t2
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. T=Tom Swamp
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
t3
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. T=Tom Swamp
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
t4
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. T=Tom Swamp
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
t5
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. T=Tom Swamp
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
t6
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. T=Tom Swamp
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
t7
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. T=Tom Swamp
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
t8
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. T=Tom Swamp
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
t9
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. T=Tom Swamp
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
t10
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. T=Tom Swamp
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
t11
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. T=Tom Swamp. Note: Harvard Pond was designated as T11 for this study.
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
grout
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. Grout= Grout Lot in PH Tract
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
simes
indicates the HF compartment in which the species was recorded in 2004-2007. Simes=Simes Tract
0
absent
1
present
NA
missing value
855
biodiversity
long-term measurement
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/exist/apps/datasets/showData.html?id=hf117